Nzira yekubatanidza sei network port?
2024-09-23 13:25:09
Zviri Mukati
1. Chii chinonzi Network Port?
Netiweki port inzvimbo yekutaurirana inogonesa zvishandiso kutumira uye kugamuchira data. Funga nezvayo segonhi rinobvumira ruzivo kupinda nekubuda muhurongwa. Zvishandiso, zvakaita semakomputa nemaseva, shandisa aya madoko kumisikidza kubatana uye kutamisa data panetiweki.
Mhando dzeNetwork Ports
Kune marudzi akasiyana etiweki ports, asi maviri eanonyanyozivikanwa ndeeEthernet ports uye TCP/UDP ports.
Ethernet ports inobvumira kubatana kwepanyama pakati pemidziyo inoshandisa tambo dzeEthernet. Aya anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mudzimba uye bhizinesi network kune waya yekubatanidza.
TCP/UDP madoko madoko ane musoro anoshandiswa kuona maitiro chaiwo kana masevhisi mukufambiswa kwedata. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) yakavimbika uye inoshandiswa kumabasa akaita sewebhu kubhurawuza uye email. UDP (Mushandisi Datagram Protocol) inokurumidza asi isina kuvimbika, inowanzoshandiswa kutenderera uye kutamba online.
Port Numbers
Zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvinotaurirana kuburikidza neakafanotsanangurwa manhamba echiteshi. Semuyenzaniso:
HTTP inoshandisa port 80 yewebhu traffic.
HTTPS inoshandisa port 443 kune yakachengeteka webhu traffic.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) inowanzoshandisa port 21.
Nekuziva kuti ndeapi madoko anoshandiswa kune chaiwo masevhisi, unogona kuzvibata uye nekuabata nemazvo.
2. Sei Patching Network Ports Kwakakosha?
Patching network ports kwakakosha kuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka uye kugadzikana kwetiweki yako. Zviteshi zvisina kuvharwa zvinogona kufumura system yako kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekusagadzikana.
Chengetedzo Concerts
Zviteshi zvakavhurika kana zvisina kuvharwa ndizvo zvinotangwa necyberattacks senge port scanning, uko matsotsi anoongorora masisitimu ezviteshi zvinosvikika, uye kurwisa kweDoS (Denial of Service) kunoremedza masisitimu ane traffic. Uku kurwiswa kunogona kukonzera kutyora kwedata, kurasikirwa kwesevhisi, kana kuwana kusingatenderwe kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama.
Software Bugs
Masevhisi etiweki ekare kana asina kudhindwa anogona kunge aine tsikidzi dzinogona kushandiswa nevanorwisa. Semuenzaniso, shanduro dzechinyakare dzeOpenSSL dzaive panjodzi yekurwiswa senge Heartbleed, iyo yakabvumira kupinda kusingatenderwe kune data rakavharidzirwa. Kugara patching kunoita kuti mabhugi aya agadziriswe uye network yako inoramba yakachengeteka.
Maitiro Akanakisisa
Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzeka kwenetiweki yako ports, gara uchishandisa firewall kurambidza kupinda kune akakosha masevhisi uye kuisa intrusion yekuona masisitimu (IDS) kutarisa zviitiko zvinofungirwa. Kusunga aya madoko nguva dzose sechikamu chehurongwa hwakazara hwekuchengetedza kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekurwiswa.
Patching network ports inoda zvese software uye hardware maturusi kubata nemazvo nekutarisa network yako.
Software
Maturusi akati wandei anogona kukubatsira kutarisa uye kuona zviteshi zvine njodzi:
Wireshark ine simba network protocol analyzer iyo inokutendera kuti utarise data inopfuura nepanetiweki yako.
Nmap inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakutsvaga netiweki uye chengetedzo yekuongorora, ichipa ruzivo rwakadzama nezve madoko akavhurika.
Nessus chishandiso chekuongorora chekusagadzikana chinobatsira kuona kusasimba kunetiweki yako, kusanganisira madoko asina kunyorwa.
Hardware
Paunenge uchishanda nehukama network yekubatanidza, imwe hardware yakakosha:
Network patch mapaneru anobatsira kubata akawanda Ethernet yekubatanidza, kuve nechokwadi chekuti network yako yakarongeka uye inokura.
Ethernet cables uye RJ45 connectors zvinodiwa pakubatanidza midziyo kuburikidza nenyama ports.
Zvimwe Zvishandiso
Mamwe maturusi anogona kubatsira anosanganisira:
Network diagnostic maturusi ekugadzirisa nyaya.
Patch tambo dzekubatanidza midziyo zvakananga.
A crimping chishandiso chekugadzirira tsika network tambo.
Zvishandiso izvi zvakasanganiswa zvinokutendera kuti ubate network zviteshi zvine mutsindo uye ive nechokwadi chekuti system yako inoramba yakachengeteka uye kusvika parizvino.
4. Nhanho-ne-Nhanho Nhungamiro yePatching Network Port
Danho 1: Ziva Vulnerable Network Ports
Usati wabata chiteshi chetiweki, danho rekutanga nderekuona kuti ndeapi madoko ari panjodzi. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kuedza kwako kupeta kwakanangana uye kunoshanda.
Kushandisa Network Scanners
Imwe yedzakanakisa nzira dzekuona madoko akavhurika uye asina njodzi ndeyekushandisa network scanner seNmap. Nmap inotarisa network yako kune yakavhurika madoko uye inopa yakadzama rondedzero, ichiratidza kuti ndeapi madoko ari pachena uye angangoita panjodzi.
Kuti ushandise Nmap, ingomhanya unotevera kuraira kuti utarise network yako:
nmap -sV
Uyu murairo unonyora ese akavhurika zviteshi, masevhisi anomhanya pane iwo madoko, uye shanduro yesoftware iri kushandiswa.
Firewall Logs
Imwe nzira ndeyekuongorora yako firewall logs. Mafirewall anorodha anouya uye anobuda traffic, kusanganisira chero kuedza kuwana madoko akavhurika. Nekuongorora matanda aya, unogona kuona chiitiko chinofungidzirwa kana kuedza kudzokorora kubatanidza kune zviteshi zvine njodzi. Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira pakuona zvingangoitwa padoko zviedze nevanorwisa.
Manual Testing
Kuti uwane mamwe mawoko-pane maitiro, unogona kuyedza network ports nemaoko uchishandisa maturusi akaita se telnet kana netstat:
Telnet: Ichi chekuraira-mutsara chishandiso chinokubvumira kuti uedze kana chiteshi chakavhurwa pamushini uri kure. Semuyenzaniso:
Netstat: Shandisa chishandiso ichi kutarisa inoshanda yekubatanidza uye yekuteerera ports pamushini wako wemuno:
netstat -an
Idzi nzira dzinokupa iwe yakawanda granular kudzora pane yako network diagnostics.
Danho 2: Dhawunirodha Inodiwa Patches kana Zvidzoreso
Kana wangoona madoko asina njodzi, nhanho inotevera ndeyekuunganidza zvigamba zvinodikanwa kana zvigadziriso kuti uzvigadzirise.
Vendor Updates
Tarisa kuti uwane zvigadziriso kubva kumutengesi wesoftware ane mutoro webasa rinoshanda pachiteshi chenjodzi. Vatengesi vakadai seMicrosoft, Cisco, uye akasiyana maLinux anogovera anogara achiburitsa zvigadziriso zvekuchengetedza zvinogadzirisa kusagadzikana. Aya magadzirirwo anowanzo sanganisira zvigamba zvetiweki masevhisi anogona kuburitswa kuburikidza neakavhurika ports.
Firmware Updates
Usakanganwa kutarisa kuti firmware inogadziridza kunetiweki hardware yako, senge marouters, switch, kana firewall. Yechinyakare firmware inogona kuve nenjodzi iyo inosiya madoko akavhurika kana zvisina kurongwa zvakanaka. Shanyira webhusaiti yemugadziri kuti utore ichangoburwa shanduro dzefirmware uye dzishandise kune yako Hardware.
Patching Software
Iwe unogona zvakare kudhawunirodha zvigamba kubva kune ane mukurumbira masosi seCVE dhatabhesi (Common Vulnerabilities uye Exposures), ayo anonyora zvinozivikanwa kusagadzikana uye mhinduro dzadzo. Ita shuwa yekuona chokwadi chezvigamba kudzivirira kudhawunirodha mafaera ane hutsinye kana akaora.
Nhanho 3: Isa iyo Patch kana Configuration Shanduko
Nezvigamba zvinodikanwa uye zvigadziriso zviri muruoko, inguva yekuzvishandisa uye kugadzirisa masetirwo etiweki yako.
Otomatiki vs. Manual Patching
Unogona kuisa zvigamba otomatiki kana nemaoko.
Otomatiki patching iri nyore, sezvo akawanda masisitimu anoshanda uye software mapakeji anogona kugadzirwa kurodha uye kushandisa zvigadziriso otomatiki. Zvishandiso zvakaita seWSUS (Windows Server Update Services) uye SolarWinds inogona kuita otomatiki maitiro ekugadzirisa emabhizinesi network.
Manual patching inokupa iwe kutonga kwakawanda asi inoda kuti iwe utore uye uise zvigamba iwe pachako. Iyi nzira inonyanya kutora nguva asi inova nechokwadi chekuti unoziva nezve shanduko dzese dzakaitwa kune yako system.
Gadzirisa Firewalls uye Routers
Pamusoro pekupeta software, iwe unofanirwa kugadzirisa mafirewall ako uye ma routers kuvhara kana kurambidza kupinda kune akavhurika madoko.
Heino nhanho-ne-nhanho gwara rakareruka:
1.Svika iyo firewall interface: Pinda kune yako firewall's configuration panel.
2.Kuwana zviteshi zvakazaruka: Enda kune chikamu chaunokwanisa kutarisira kupinda kwechiteshi.
3.Kuvhara zviteshi zvisingakoshi: Dzima zviteshi zvisingashande mukushandisa kana zvinodiwa.
4.Add firewall mitemo: Gadzira mitemo inongobvumira traffic kubva kune yakavimbika IP kero kana mamwe network.
5.Save uye shandisa zvigadziriso: Kana wapedza, iva nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kuedza zvirongwa zvako zvitsva.
Bvisa Kuchinja
Mushure mekushandisa chigamba kana kushandura masisitimu, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti shanduko dzaita. Shandisa network yekutarisa maturusi seNmap kana Wireshark kutarisisa zvakare network uye kuona kuti kusadzivirirwa kwaiswa zvigamba. Tarisa zviratidzo zvekuti aimbove munjodzi madoko akachengeteka kana kuvharwa.
Nhanho 4: Edza iyo Patched Port
Kuedza chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro ekupeta kuona kuti zvigadziriso zvakaiswa zvinoshanda.
Post-Patching Miedzo
Mushure mekunge chigamba chaiswa, tarisazve network yako uchishandisa Nmap kana maturusi akafanana kuona kuti madoko ari munjodzi haachaonekwe.
Mhanya:
nmap -sV
Ita shuwa kuti shanduro dzesevhisi dzakagadziridzwa uye kuti chero zviteshi zvisina basa zvavharwa.
Shandisa Penetration Testing Tools
Kuti uwane ongororo yakadzama, funga kushandisa maturusi ekuyedza kupinda seMetasploit kutevedzera kurwisa kunetiweki. Zvishandiso izvi zvinokutendera kuti uone kuti network yako ports yakachengetedzwa zvakanangana nekutyisidzira chaiko kwenyika. Kana Metasploit isingakwanise kushandisa chiteshi chaimbova panjodzi, inosimbisa kuti chigamba chako chakabudirira.
Network Monitoring
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Advantech Industrial PC
