He aha ka Teraflop? ʻO ke alakaʻi hope loa i ka TFLOPS, ka hana, a me nā noi honua maoli

I. Hoolauna

I ka honua o hoʻopili helu kiʻekiʻe, ka hua'ōlelo teraflop—a i ole TFLOPS—he ana koʻikoʻi o ka lolouila mana helu. A teraflop hōʻike i ka hiki ke hana hoʻokahi trillion hana lana i kēlā me kēia kekona, hana ia i ala maʻamau e helu maka hana hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia metric e hoʻohālikelike PPU, Nā GPU, a hiki pono supercomputers, e ʻae i nā ʻenekinia, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka ʻikepili i hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana ke hana i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia.

ka hoomaopopo ana TFLOPS He mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike i ka hiki o ka mīkini ke lawelawe nā haʻahaʻa hana helu e like me:

• Nā hoʻohālikelike ʻepekema (ka hoʻolike ʻana o ka wā, ka hoʻoikaika molekala)

• Nā pāʻani a me nā kiʻi kiʻi (ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hihi manawa maoli, pāʻani 4K)

• Naʻauao hana a aʻo aʻo mīkini

• ʻIkepili ʻikepili nui a nā hana helu kapua

ʻOiai ka wikiwiki o ka uaki (GHz) a helu kumu hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia, nā teraflops hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi maopopo o hana lana ana, he mea koʻikoʻi no nā noi e koi ana i nā helu makemakika pololei. Nānā kēia ʻatikala he aha ka teraflop, pehea e ana ʻia ai nā TFLOPS, ko lakou nā noi honua maoli, a me ke ano o ko lakou manao nā mea hoʻopili helu hou—mai nā consoles pāʻani a hiki i nā GPU kikowaena ʻikepili mana AI.

II. Nā Kuleana o nā Hana Kūlana Kūlana (FLOPS)

Ma ke kumu o ka hoomaopopo a teraflop ʻo ia ka manaʻo o FLOPS—Nā Hana Lanai-Lana i kēlā me kēia Kekona. ʻO ka FLOP e ana i ka hiki o kahi ʻōnaehana kamepiula ke hana i hoʻokahi helu lana-helu, e like me ka hoʻohui, ka unuhi, ka hoʻonui, a i ʻole ka mahele ʻana i nā helu maoli me nā helu decimal. No ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noi hou—e like me hoʻohālikelike ʻepekema, Aʻo AI, a Hōʻike 3D— hilinai nui i ka helu lana-helu, Ua lilo ʻo FLOPS i ke kūlana gula no ke ana ana hana helu.

FLOPS Prefix Hierarchy

Nā Kumu Helu Lānaʻi

Hōʻike ʻia kahi helu lana me ka IEEE-754 maʻamau, i loko o:

• Bit hōʻailona (maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha)

• Exponent (ka nui o ka helu)

• Mantissa/Haʻina (nā kikoʻī pololei)

ʻokoʻa pae pololei pili i ka hana a me ka pololei:

• FP64 (ka pololei pālua): Hoʻohana ʻia ma noiʻi ʻepekema kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ka pololei

• FP32 (hoʻokahi-pololei): Mea maʻamau i loko Nā GPU no ka pāʻani a me nā kiʻi

• FP16 (hapa-pololei): Hoʻohana nui ʻia ma AI a me ka aʻo mīkini e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wikiwiki a me ka pono

No ke aha he mea nui ka FLOPS

ʻAʻole like ka wikiwiki o ka uaki (GHz) a i ʻole helu kumu, ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā kikoʻī hāmeʻa maka, Hōʻike pololei ʻo FLOPS i ka hana makemakika. Pono kēia i ka FLOPS no ka loiloi Nā pūʻulu HPC, nā GPU kikowaena ʻikepili, a AI accelerators, ma hea hana like a hana manawa maoli he mea nui.

III. He aha ka Teraflops (TFLOPS)

A teraflop—i hoopau pinepine ia e like me TFLOPS—he ala maʻamau e ana hana helu. Hoʻohui ka huaʻōlelo "kēlā" (ʻo ia hoʻi trilion) a “holo” (hana lana-helu), e hōʻike ana i ka hiki o kahi mea hana a ʻōnaehana paha e hana hoʻokahi trillion hana lana i kēlā me kēia kekona. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, kahi mīkini i helu ʻia ma 1 TFLOP hiki ke hoʻokō i 1,000,000,000,000 helu i kēlā me kēia kekona.

ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa

Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka honua maoli, TFLOPS he a metric hoʻokomo, ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona pololei o ka "wikiwiki" o kahi kamepiula. He mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loiloi ʻana i nā lako hana e hana nei hana like, e like me:

• Nā GPU no ka pāʻani ʻana, ka hoʻohālikelike 3D, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hihi

• PPU hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻepekema ʻepekema a me nā haʻawina hana simulation

• AI accelerators a Nā NPU no ka hoʻonaʻauao aʻo hohonu a me ka ʻike

• Kamepiula nui i loko Kaiapuni HPC ka lawelawe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī

Nā helu TFLOPS ma nā lako lako

Hoʻolaha pinepine nā mea hana hou TFLOPS hana he ala e hōʻike ai i ka mana helu helu:

• Nā mea pāʻani pāʻani - Xbox Series X: 12 TFLOPS, PlayStation 5: ~ 10 TFLOPS

• Nā GPU Kiʻekiʻe – NVIDIA RTX 4090: 82+ FP32 TFLOPS

• Kamepiula nui - Frontier (ORNL): ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.1 exaflops (1,100,000 TFLOPS)

TFLOPS a me nā ana ʻē aʻe

ʻOiai ka wikiwiki o ka uaki (GHz) ana i nā pōʻaiapuni i kekona, Ana ʻo TFLOPS i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kiko lana maoli. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa nā kaʻina hana ʻelua me nā helu GHz like ma TFLOPS ma muli o helu kumu, nā ʻāpana vector, a nā papa kuhikuhi (SIMD, FMA).

ka hoomaopopo ana nā teraflops kōkua i nā ʻenekinia, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea noiʻi e ana i ka hiki o kahi ʻōnaehana e hoʻoponopono nā haʻahaʻa hana helu, mai Aʻo hoʻohālike AI i hāʻawi manawa maoli a hoʻohālikelike ʻepekema.

IV. Ana, Hoailona, ​​a me ka oiaio

ʻOiai TFLOPS hāʻawi i kahi ana theoretical o mana helu, ka hana maoli i loaʻa i loko o nā haʻahaʻa hana maoli hiki ke ʻokoʻa nui. ka hoomaopopo ana pehea e ana ʻia ai nā teraflops ʻO ia ke kī i ka unuhi pololei ʻana i nā helu i paʻi ʻia.

Nā TFLOPS i hoʻomau ʻia

Hoʻolaha pinepine nā mea hana peak theoretical TFLOPS, helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana:

Kumu:
TFLOPS = Ka helu o nā Cores × Uki Waki ​​× FLOPs no ka pōʻaiapuni

Manaʻo kēia i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, me kēlā me kēia kumu e holo ana i ka wikiwiki piha me ka ʻole o ke keakea. Ma ka hana, mau TFLOPS ua emi pinepine ma muli o:

• Ka palena bandwidth hoʻomanaʻo - ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻikepili e hōʻemi i ka hiki

• Aʻoaʻo bottlenecks - nā mea hilinaʻi e pale i ka 100% hoʻohana

• ʻO ka throttling wela - hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka wela i ka wikiwiki o ka uaki ma lalo o ka ukana kaumaha

• Pono ʻole nā ​​polokalamu - hoʻopau ka maikaʻi ʻole i nā kumu waiwai helu

Nā mea hana hoʻohālikelike

ʻOihana-maʻamau nā hōʻailona kōkua e ana i ka honua maoli hana lana ana:

• ʻO LINPACK Hōʻailona - hoʻohana ʻia i ka TOP500 papa inoa supercomputer, hoʻoikaika i ka hana FP64 (double-precision).

• PPU SPEC - loiloi i ka pono o ka CPU ma nā hana he nui

• 3DMark / GFXBench – ana GPU TFLOPS hoʻokō no ka pāʻani a me ka hoʻolilo

ʻO ka hopena o ka honua maoli

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hāmeʻa ma luna wale nō Nā helu TFLOPS hiki ke alakaʻi hewa. Hiki i ka GPU me nā TFLOPS ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole lawa bandwidth hoʻomanaʻo a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻokele pono ʻole. Pēlā nō, CPU TFLOPS hiki ke kaupalena ʻia e ka parallelism pae aʻoaʻo a i ʻole ka nui huna.

No ka poe oihana ma HPC, Aʻo hoʻohālike AI, a i ʻole noiʻi ʻepekema, he mea nui ke nana aku nā ana hana hoʻomau, ka pono o ka mana, a nā hōʻailona kikoʻī haʻahaʻa hana e kiʻi pololei i kahi ʻōnaehana hiki ke helu maoli. Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i ka lolouila ʻenehana no kāu pono kamepiula hana kiʻekiʻe, e kaomi rackmount pc, pc hoʻokomo ʻia, etc.

V. Noi o Teraflops

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o TFLOPS hele ma mua o ke kumumanaʻo-ʻike ʻia kona waiwai maoli ma nā noi honua maoli kahi e pono ai ka helu helu nui. Pūnaehana me ka kiʻekiʻe nā helu teraflop maikaʻi ma hana like nā hana, hoʻoikaika i ka hana hou i nā ʻoihana mai ka pāʻani a hiki i noiʻi ʻepekema.

Pāʻani a me nā Kiʻi

I ka ʻoihana pāʻani, TFLOPS pili pono hana kiʻi a pākuʻi kiʻi. Nā GPU me nā TFLOPS kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hana hou aku piko, nā pika, a nā mea pale, hiki ke:

• ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kukuna manawa maoli no ke kukui ola

• 4K a me 8K hōʻike ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe

• Nā ʻike VR a me AR me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa

No ka laʻana, ka Xbox Series X (12 TFLOPS) a PlayStation 5 (~10 TFLOPS) hāʻawi i ka maikaʻi kiʻi kiʻi kokoke i ka pae PC ma o ka leveraging mana helu GPU ana i na teraflops.

Naʻauao hana a me ke aʻo mīkini

Nā haʻawina hana AI—ʻoi loa aku aʻo aʻo hohonu—koi trillions o hoonui matrix a hana vector. Kiʻekiʻe-TFLOPS Nā GPU, e like me NVIDIA A100 a H100, hāʻawi i nā haneli o TFLOPS (FP16/FP8) e hoʻokē:

• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pūnaewele neural

• Manaʻo manawa maoli

• Pūnaehana manaʻo

• Nā hiʻohiʻona AI Generative

Heluhelu Hana Kiʻekiʻe (HPC)

In Nā pūʻulu HPC a supercomputers, TFLOPS a me PFLOPS He mea koʻikoʻi nā helu no ka holo ʻana:

• ʻO nā hoʻohālike ea a me ke aniau

• ʻO ka dynamics molecular a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka lāʻau

• Hoʻohālike Astrophysics

• ʻIkepili pilikia kālā

Hoʻoponopono ʻikepili a me nā haʻahaʻa hana ao

Nā mea hoʻolako ao hoʻolaha TFLOPS no kēlā me kēia laʻana e alakaʻi i nā mea kūʻai aku e koho i nā nodes helu no ʻikepili ʻikepili nui, hoʻololi wikiō, a i ʻole ka hana IoT manawa maoli.

I ka pōkole, hiki i nā teraflops ke hana hou ma nā wahi a pau e koi ʻia ai ka helu kiʻekiʻe, pololei, hoʻohālikelike—e hoʻolilo iā lākou i metric kikowaena no ka loiloi nā CPU hou, nā GPU, a me nā mea hoʻokele AI.

VI. ʻO nā pono a me nā palena o TFLOPS ma ke ʻano he Metric

ʻOiai TFLOPS ua lilo i hōʻailona ʻike nui ʻia o hana helu, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā mea ʻelua ikaika a nā hemahema.

Nā pōmaikaʻi o TFLOPS

TFLOPS hāʻawi a ana maopopo, quantitative o ka mea hana a i ole ʻO ka hana floating-point a GPU, i mea e pono ai no:

• Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā lako - Hiki ke loiloi ʻia nā CPU, GPU, a me nā supercomputers ma ke ʻano maʻamau (Kaomi ma aneʻi no ʻoihana pc me GPU, ʻO ke kelepona paʻakikī me ka GPU)

• Ka nui helu helu - koʻikoʻi no Nā pūʻulu HPC, Aʻo AI, a nā hana ʻepekema

• ʻIke ʻana i nā ʻano hana - kōkua i ka hahai ʻana i nā holomua hanauna (e laʻa, gigaflops → teraflops → petaflops)

• Ke kūʻai aku a me ka wehewehe kikoʻī - he helu hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia

He kūpono loa kēia metric no nā haʻahaʻa hana e hilinaʻi nui nei hoʻohelu helu lana-parallel, e like me Hōʻike 3D, aʻo neural network, a i ʻole hoʻohālike ea.

Nā palena a me nā manaʻo kuhihewa

Eia naʻe, ʻAʻole kiʻi piha ʻo TFLOPS o ka hana ʻōnaehana. Hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hana i kahi mea me nā TFLOPS kiʻekiʻe aʻe e hana ʻino i nā hana maoli:

• Nā palena bandwidth hoʻomanaʻo - hoʻohana ka pōloli ʻikepili i ka hoʻohana

• Pono ʻole nā ​​polokalamu - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i ka helu helu piha

• ʻO ka throttling wela a me nā palena mana - ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka uaki haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka puka maoli

• Nā ʻano kikoʻī like ʻole - He ʻokoʻa ka hana FP16, FP32, FP64 ma waena o nā hale hana

 
 
TFLOPS = (Ka helu o nā Core × Ka māmā Uka × FLOPs i kēlā me kēia Kaapuni) ÷ 1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000