Teraflop ni iki? Ubuyobozi buhebuje kuri TFLOPS, Imikorere, na Real-Isi Porogaramu

I. Intangiriro

Mw'isi ya kubara cyane, ijambo teraflop— Cyangwa TFLOPS—Ni igipimo gikomeye cya mudasobwa imbaraga zo kubara. A. teraflop byerekana ubushobozi bwo gukora tiriyari imwe ireremba-ingingo ibikorwa kumasegonda, kuyigira inzira isanzwe yo kugereranya mbisi imikorere yo gutunganya. Iyi metric ikoreshwa cyane kugereranya CPU, GPUs, ndetse ndetse Mudasobwa, kwemerera injeniyeri, abakina, nabashakashatsi kumva umubare wamakuru sisitemu ishobora gutunganya mugihe runaka.

Gusobanukirwa TFLOPS ni ngombwa kuko itanga ubushishozi mubushobozi bwimashini ikora kubara-akazi kenshi nka:

• Kwigana siyanse (imiterere yikirere, imbaraga za molekile)

• Gukina no gushushanya (igihe nyacyo cyo gushakisha imirasire, umukino wa 4K)

• Ubwenge bwa gihanga na amahugurwa yo kwiga imashini

• Isesengura rinini ryamakuru na imirimo yo kubara ibicu

Mugihe umuvuduko w'isaha (GHz) na kubara bakunze kwamamaza, teraflops tanga ishusho isobanutse ya imikorere ireremba, ni ngombwa kubisabwa bisaba kubara neza. Iyi ngingo irasesengura icyo teraflop, uko TFLOPS yapimwe, Porogaramu-nyayo, n'icyo bashaka kuvuga ibikoresho bigezweho byo kubara—Kuvuye kuri kanseri yimikino kugeza ikigo cyamakuru GPUs imbaraga za AI.

II. Shingiro ryibikorwa byo Kureremba-Ingingo (FLOPS)

Intandaro yo gusobanukirwa a teraflop ni i FLOPS-Ibikorwa byo Kureremba-Ingingo Kumasegonda. FLOP ipima ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yo kubara gukora imwe Kubara-Ingingo Kubara, nko kongeramo, gukuramo, kugwiza, cyangwa kugabana imibare nyayo hamwe ningingo icumi. Kuberako ibyinshi bigezweho-nka kwigana siyanse, Amahugurwa ya AI, na Kwerekana 3D- cyane cyane kureremba-ingingo yimibare, FLOPS yabaye igipimo cyizahabu yo gupima imikorere yo kubara.

FLOPS Yibanze Yambere

Kureremba-Ingingo ya Arithmetic Shingiro

Umubare ureremba-ingingo ugereranya ukoresheje IEEE-754 bisanzwe, bigizwe na:

• Shyira akamenyetso (ibyiza cyangwa bibi)

• Ikigaragaza (ubunini bw'umubare)

• Mantissa / Igice (ibisobanuro birambuye)

Bitandukanye urwego rusobanutse bigira ingaruka kumikorere no mubyukuri:

• FP64 (inshuro ebyiri): Byakoreshejwe ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi aho ubunyangamugayo ari ngombwa

• FP32 (icyerekezo kimwe): Bisanzwe muri GPUs kumikino nubushushanyo

• FP16 (igice-cyuzuye): Byakoreshejwe cyane Kwiga AI hamwe no kwiga imashini kunoza umuvuduko no gukora neza

Impamvu FLOPS ifite akamaro

Bitandukanye umuvuduko w'isaha (GHz) cyangwa kubara, yerekana ibyuma bibisi bidasanzwe, FLOPS yerekana mu buryo butaziguye imibare. Ibi bituma FLOPS ari ntangarugero mugusuzuma HPC, ikigo cyamakuru GPUs, na AI yihuta, aho gutunganya na imikorere-nyayo ni ngombwa.

III. Niki Teraflops (TFLOPS)

A. teraflop- incamake muri make nka TFLOPS—Nuburyo busanzwe bwo gupima imikorere yo kubara. Ijambo rihuza "ibyo" (ibisobanuro miriyari) na “Flop” (ibikorwa byo kureremba), byerekana ubushobozi bwa processor cyangwa sisitemu yo gukora tiriyari imwe ireremba-ingingo ibikorwa kumasegonda. Muyandi magambo, imashini yagenwe kuri 1 TFLOP Irashobora gukora 1.000.000.000.000 kubara buri segonda.

Imirongo n'ibisobanuro bifatika

Mu magambo nyayo, TFLOPS ni a ibicuruzwa byinjira, ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cyerekana uburyo mudasobwa yihuta. Ni ngombwa cyane cyane mugusuzuma ibyuma bikora gutunganya, nka:

• GPUs kumikino, kwerekana 3D, hamwe no gukurikirana imirasire

• CPU ikoreshwa muri kubara siyanse n'imikorere y'akazi

• AI yihuta na NPUs kumahugurwa yimbitse yo kwiga no gufata umwanzuro

• Mudasobwa in Ibidukikije bya HPC Gukora icyitegererezo

Ibipimo bya TFLOPS mubikoresho

Ibikoresho bigezweho bikunze kwamamaza Imikorere ya TFLOPS nk'uburyo bwo kwerekana imbaraga zo kubara:

• Imikino yo gukina - Xbox Series X: 12 TFLOPS, PlayStation 5: ~ 10 TFLOPS

• GPU zohejuru - NVIDIA RTX 4090: 82+ FP32 TFLOPS

• Mudasobwa - Imipaka (ORNL): irenga 1.1 exaflops (1.100.000 TFLOPS)

TFLOPS vs Ibindi bipimo

Mugihe umuvuduko w'isaha (GHz) gupima inzinguzingo ku isegonda, TFLOPS ipima ibintu bifatika bireremba-byinjira. Ibitunganya bibiri bifite ibipimo bisa na GHz birashobora gutandukana cyane muri TFLOPS bitewe kubara, ibice bya vector, na amabwiriza (SIMD, FMA).

Gusobanukirwa teraflops ifasha injeniyeri, abakina, n'abashakashatsi gupima ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yo guhangana kubara-akazi kenshi, Kuva Amahugurwa yicyitegererezo Kuri igihe nyacyo na kwigana siyanse.

IV. Ibipimo, Ibipimo, n'ukuri

Mugihe TFLOPS itanga igipimo cya imbaraga zo kubara, i imikorere nyayo kugerwaho mubikorwa byukuri birashobora gutandukana cyane. Gusobanukirwa uko teraflops yapimwe ni urufunguzo rwo gusobanura imibare yatangajwe neza.

Inyigisho na TFLOPS Zirambye

Ababikora akenshi bamamaza impinga ya TFLOPS, kubara ukoresheje:

Inzira:
TFLOPS = Umubare wa Cores Speed ​​Umuvuduko wamasaha × FLOPs kuri buri cyiciro

Ibi bifata imikoreshereze yuzuye, hamwe na buri kintu cyose cyihuta kumuvuduko wuzuye nta nkomyi. Mu myitozo, Komeza TFLOPS bikunze kuba hasi kubera:

• Kwibuka kwagutse - buhoro buhoro amakuru agaburira kugabanya ibicuruzwa

• Inzitizi - kwishingira birinda gukoresha 100%

• Ubushuhe - ubushyuhe bushobora kugabanya umuvuduko wisaha munsi yumutwaro uremereye

• Gukora software - optimizasiyo idahwitse isesagura umutungo

Ibikoresho byerekana ibimenyetso

Inganda-ngenderwaho ibipimo fasha gupima isi-nyayo imikorere ireremba:

• LINPACK Ibipimo - Byakoreshejwe muri Urutonde rwa mudasobwa ya TOP500, ashimangira imikorere ya FP64 (double-precision) imikorere

• SPEC CPU - gusuzuma imikorere ya CPU mumirimo myinshi

• 3DMark / GFXBench - gupima GPU TFLOPS imikorere yo gukina no gutanga

Ibikorwa-Byukuri

Kugereranya ibikoresho gusa Ibipimo bya TFLOPS birashobora kuyobya. GPU ifite TFLOPS nyinshi irashobora kutitwara neza niba idahagije ububiko bwagutse cyangwa abashoferi badakora neza. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, CPU TFLOPS irashobora kugarukira kumabwiriza-urwego parallelism cyangwa cache ingano.

Kubanyamwuga muri HPC, Amahugurwa yicyitegererezo, cyangwa ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, ni ngombwa kureba imikorere ihamye, imbaraga zingufu, na ibipimo byihariye byakazi kubona ishusho nyayo ya sisitemu ubushobozi bwo kubara. Niba ushaka mudasobwa yinganda kubikorwa byawe byo kubara bikenewe, nyamuneka kanda rackmount pc, yashyizwemo pc, n'ibindi.

V. Gushyira mu bikorwa Teraflops

Akamaro ka TFLOPS irenze inyigisho-agaciro nyako kugaragara muri Porogaramu-nyayo ahakenewe kubara cyane. Sisitemu ifite hejuru amanota ya teraflop indashyikirwa muri gutunganya imirimo, guha imbaraga udushya mu nganda kuva imikino kugeza ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Gukina no gushushanya

Mu nganda zikina imikino, TFLOPS Ingaruka itaziguye imikorere yubushushanyo na ibipimo by'ikadiri. GPUs hamwe na TFLOPS yo hejuru irashobora gutunganya byinshi vertices, pigiseli, na igicucu, gushoboza:

• Gukurikirana igihe nyacyo kumurika ubuzima

• 4K na 8K ku gipimo cyo hejuru

• Uburambe bwa VR na AR hamwe n'ubukererwe buke

Kurugero ,. Xbox Urutonde X (12 TFLOPS) na PlayStation 5 (~ 10 TFLOPS) tanga hafi-PC-urwego rwibishushanyo mbonera ukoresheje Imbaraga zo kubara gupimwa muri teraflops.

Ubwenge bwa artificiel hamwe no kwiga imashini

Imirimo ya AI- cyane cyane amahugurwa yimbitse yo kwiga- saba trillioni za kugwiza matrix na ibikorwa bya vector. TFLOPS GPUs, nka NVIDIA A100 na H100, gutanga amagana ya TFLOPS (FP16 / FP8) kugirango yihute:

• Amahugurwa ya nete

• Umwanzuro nyawo

• Sisitemu yo gusaba

• Ubwoko bwa AI

Kubara cyane-Kubara (HPC)

Muri HPC na Mudasobwa, TFLOPS na PFLOPS amanota ni ngombwa mu gukora:

• Ikirere nikirere

• Imbaraga za molekulari no kuvumbura ibiyobyabwenge

• Icyitegererezo cya Astrophysics

• Isesengura ry’amafaranga

Gutunganya amakuru hamwe nakazi keza

Abatanga ibicu kwamamaza TFLOPS kurugero kuyobora abakiriya bahitamo kubara kuri isesengura rinini ryamakuru, videwo, cyangwa igihe nyacyo cyo gutunganya IoT.

Muri make, teraflops ituma udushya ahantu hose amajwi menshi, asobanutse, aringaniza kubara arasabwa-kubagira ibipimo nyamukuru byo gusuzuma CPU igezweho, GPUs, na AI yihuta.

VI. Ibyiza & Imipaka ya TFLOPS nkigipimo

Mugihe TFLOPS yahindutse icyerekezo kizwi cyane cya imikorere yo kubara, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa byombi imbaraga na ibitagenda neza.

Ibyiza bya TFLOPS

TFLOPS itanga a igipimo gisobanutse, cyuzuye Bya gutunganya cyangwa Imikorere ya GPU ireremba-ingingo, kuyigira akamaro kuri:

• Kugereranya ibyuma - CPU, GPUs, na mudasobwa zidasanzwe zishobora gusuzumwa ku gipimo rusange (Kanda hano kuri inganda pc hamwe na GPU, Mudasobwa igendanwa hamwe na GPU)

• Ubunini bwo kubara - ingenzi kuri HPC, Amahugurwa ya AI, na imirimo yubumenyi

• Kumenya imigendekere yimikorere - ifasha gukurikirana ibisekuruza byiterambere (urugero, gigaflops → teraflops → petaflops)

• Kwamamaza no gusobanura neza - umubare umwe uhuza ubushobozi bwo kubara

Ibipimo bifite akamaro kanini kubikorwa byakazi bishingiye cyane Kubangikanya kureremba-ingingo kubara, nka Kwerekana 3D, amahugurwa y'urusobe rw'imitsi, cyangwa kwerekana ikirere.

Imipaka n'ibitekerezo bitari byo

Ariko, TFLOPS ntabwo ari ishusho yuzuye Bya Sisitemu. Ibintu byinshi bishobora gutera igikoresho gifite TFLOPS yo hejuru gukora nabi mubikorwa nyabyo:

• Inzitizi yibuka - inzara yamakuru igabanya imikoreshereze

• Gukora software - kode nziza cyane ntishobora gukoresha ubushobozi bwuzuye bwo kubara

• Ubushyuhe bwumuriro & imbibi zimbaraga - umuvuduko ukabije wamasaha ugabanya umusaruro nyawo

• Uburyo butandukanye - Imikorere ya FP16, FP32, FP64 iratandukanye muburyo bwububiko

 
 
TFLOPS = (Umubare wa Cores Spe Umuvuduko wamasaha × FLOPs kuri buri cyiciro) ÷ 1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000