Ingero 20 z'ukuri za mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa zihindura ubuzima bwa buri munsi n'inganda

I. Intangiriro

An mudasobwa ishyizwemo ni sisitemu yihariye ya mudasobwa yagenewe gukora imirimo yihariye mu gikoresho kinini cyangwa porogaramu. Bitandukanye na mudasobwa ikoreshwa muri rusange nka mudasobwa igendanwa cyangwa mudasobwa igendanwa, sisitemu ishyirwamo ibikoresho iranogeye imikorere yihariye, akenshi ikora munsi y'amabwiriza akomeye muri ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, Ingano, ikiguzi, na imikorere ikorwa mu gihe nyacyoIzi sisitemu ubusanzwe ziba zishingiye kuri abagenzuzi bato, poroseseri ntocyangwa sisitemu-kuri-chip (SoC) inyubako, zihuza ibikoresho bya mudasobwa na porogaramu mu gisubizo kimwe gito.

Itsinda amateka ya mudasobwa zishyirwa mu bubiko itangira mu myaka ya za 1960, hamwe n'ingero za mbere nka mudasobwa ya Apollo Guidance yakoreshejwe mu butumwa bw'ikirere bwa NASA. Kuva icyo gihe, uru rwego rwateye imbere cyane, bituma mudasobwa zashyizwemo, mudasobwa zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rimwe (SBCs) nka Raspberry Pi na Ikibaho cya Beagle, n'ibitagira ingano Ibikoresho bya IoT iyo mbaraga isi ya none ifitanye isano. Kuva Ibikoresho byo kugenzura moteri z'imodoka (ECUs) kuri ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi bifasha mu mugongo, no kuva kuri robots zikora mu buryo bwikora mu nganda kuri sisitemu z'ibimenyetso by'ikoranabuhanga, mudasobwa zikoreshwa muri mudasobwa zabaye inkingi y'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

Akamaro ka sisitemu zishyirwamo biherereye mu kuba bizwi hose kandi bihura n'imimerere. Biboneka muri ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abaguzi nka telefoni zigendanwa, imashini zimesa, n'amashusho y'amashusho, ndetse no muri porogaramu z'ingenzi nka ibinyabiziga byigenga, imirongo y'ikoranabuhanga mu ruganda, na ibikoresho by'ubuvuziIgishushanyo cyabyo akenshi kiba gikubiyemo Sisitemu z'imikorere zishyirwamo (RTOS, Embedded Linux, cyangwa ubwoko bwa Android), kwemeza ko imikorere yizewe kandi iteganijwe.

Iyi nkuru itanga ubushakashatsi burambuye ku ingero za mudasobwa zishyirwa mu bubiko, bikubiyemo ibikoresho by'abaguzi, sisitemu z'inganda, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, ikoranabuhanga ry'imodoka, n'ibisubizo bya IoTTuzasuzuma kandi ibyabo imiterere y'ibikoresho, porogaramu za porogaramu, imiterere y'igishushanyo mbonera, n'ibizazaMu mpera, abasomyi bazasobanukirwa neza uburyo izi gahunda zikora, aho zikoreshwa, n'impamvu ari ingenzi mu kugena uburyo inganda n'ubuzima bwa buri munsi zikora.

II. Ibyiciro bya mudasobwa zishyirwa mu bubiko

Mudasobwa zishyizwemo zikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye cyane, nyamara imiterere yazo n'uburyo zishyirwa mu byiciro bisobanutse neza. Gusobanukirwa izi nzego ni ingenzi ku bahanga, abahanga mu ikoranabuhanga, n'ibigo bikora isuzumabumenyi ibisubizo bya mudasobwa byashyizwemoUbusanzwe izi gahunda zitegurwa na imiterere n'imiterere ku ruhande rumwe, kandi na imikorere n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza ku rundi ruhande.

A. Binyuze mu buryo bw'imiterere / Ubwubatsi

1. Mudasobwa zishyirwa kuri Sisitemu (SoC)

A Sisitemu iri kuri Chipu (SoC) ihuza CPU, ububiko, igenzura rya I/O, ndetse rimwe na rimwe na GPU mu ipaki imwe ya silikoni. Iyi miterere ni myinshi cyane nto, ikoresha ingufu nke, kandi ihendutse. Ibishushanyo mbonera bya SoC biboneka muri telefoni zigendanwa, ibikoresho bya IoT, amasaha agezweho, na sisitemu z'ibimenyetso by'ikoranabuhangaaho imikorere igomba kuringanizwa na ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nkeImiterere yabo bwite ituma baba beza cyane kuri ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bitwarwa n'ibikoreshwa n'abantu aho umwanya ari muto.

2. Porogaramu zo mu bwoko bwa Socket cyangwa Modular Embedded

Mudasobwa zikoresha soketi byakozwe mu buryo bwa ubworoherane n'uburyo bwo guhindura ibintuBitandukanye na SoCs, CPU na modules za memory akenshi bishobora kuvugururwa, bikongera ubuzima bw'ibicuruzwa muri ikoranabuhanga ry’inganda, robots, kiosks, n'ibikoresho by'ishusho y'ubuvuzi. Bigaragaza imyanya yo kwagura hamwe n'amahitamo menshi ya I/O, gushyigikira ibikoresho bigezweho nka Imashini zihutisha GPU, Ethernet yihuta cyane, na CAN bus interfacesIzi sisitemu zitoranywa iyo ubushobozi bwo kwagura imikorere no kwizerana igihe kirekire ni ingenzi.

3. Mudasobwa zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rimwe (SBCs)

Mudasobwa zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rimwe (SBCs) nk'uko Raspberry Pi, BeagleBoard, na Arduino guhuza ibice byose by'ingenzi ku rubuga rw'itumanaho ruciriritse. Bitanga uburinganire hagati ubushobozi bwo kugurwa no gukora neza, bigatuma bakundwa cyane kuri uburezi, gukora ibishushanyo mbonera, inzira za IoT, n'igenzura ryoroheje ry'inganda. Mudasobwa za SBC zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rimwe zikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye: mu byumba by'amashuri, zigisha iterambere ryimbitse; mu nganda, zitanga kugenzura imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga ku giciro gito cyangwa imirimo yo kubara mu buryo bwa edgeGukundwa kwabo guturuka ku muryango munini w’abakora porogaramu ndetse n’ubufasha bwagutse bw’imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga, harimo Yashyizwemo Linux na Android.

B. Binyuze mu mikorere / ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro

1. Sisitemu zihariye zishyirwamo

A sisitemu yigenga ishyirwamo yubatswe kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa kimwe imikorere yihariye nta guhuza kw'inyuma. Ingero zirimo ibikoresho byo kugenzura mikorobe, ibyuma bipima ubunini, cyangwa ibibaho by'imashini imesa. Ibikoresho byabo na firmware byakozwe neza cyane kugira ngo byizerwe, byorohe, kandi bihenduke. Izi sisitemu zishimangira imikorere y'icyitegererezo mu bidukikije bifunze.

2. Sisitemu zishyirwa mu buryo bwa Real-Time (zishingiye kuri RTOS)

Inganda zimwe na zimwe ntizishobora kwihanganira gutinda. Sisitemu zishyirwa mu buryo bwa Real-time (RTOS) kwemeza imikorere ihamye kandi iteganyijwe binyuze mu gusubiza ibimenyetso byinjiye mu masegonda make. Izi sisitemu zitanga imbaraga kugenzura umutekano w'imodoka nka sisitemu zo gukumira gufunga feri (ABS), imifuka y'umwuka, na moteri (ECUs) zigenzura moteri, kimwe na ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi nka ibikoresho byo gupima umutima cyangwa ibikoresho byo gusukura impumuro. Amashyirahamwe ya RTOS nka VxWorks, QNX, cyangwa Embedded Linux hamwe na PREEMPT_RT patches byemewe cyane muri indege, ubwugarizi, n'amaroboti yo mu nganda.

3. Sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti

Mu gihe cya IoT na edge computing, sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti zikomeje kwiyongera. Izi sisitemu zifite ibikoresho byubatswemo Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cyangwa uburyo bwo guhuza telefoni zigendanwa, bikabafasha kuvugana na porogaramu zo mu bicu, seriveri, n'ibindi bikoresho. Ingero zirimo imashini zigurisha zikoresheje ubuhanga, imashini zipima ibyuma mu nganda, inzira za IoT, na sisitemu z'umutekano zihujweMu guhuza igenzura ry'amakuru n'isesengura ry'amakuru, batanga ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga ibintu mbere y'igihe mu nganda, imicungire y'amato mu gutwara abantu, na gukoresha ingufu neza mu miyoboro y'ikoranabuhanga.

Incamake

Itsinda ibyiciro bya mudasobwa zirimo bigaragaza ubudasa bw'ubutaka. Ku ruhande rw'ubwubatsi, turabona Imiterere ishingiye kuri SoC kugira ngo ikore neza, mudasobwa zikoresha uburyo bwa socket modular kugira ngo zishobore kwaguka, na SBC zo koroshya no kugabanya amafarangaKu ruhande rw'imikorere, hari sisitemu zigenga kugira ngo umuntu yishingikirize ku buryo bwizewe, sisitemu zikoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo ku bikorwa by'ingenzi ku mutekano, no sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti guha imbaraga Impinduramatwara ya IoT.

Mu gushyira mu byiciro mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu nganda muri ubu buryo, abafata ibyemezo bashobora guhuza ikoranabuhanga neza n'ibyo bakeneye—byaba ari sensor ya IoT ihendutse, mudasobwa ikora cyane mu nganda, cyangwa igenzura ry'igihe nyacyo rya sisitemu z'ingenzi mu butumwa.

III. Ingero z'Isi Nyayo mu Mashami Yose

Agaciro nyakuri k'umuntu mudasobwa ishyizwemo biragaragara iyo dusuzumye uburyo ikoreshwa mu nganda zose. Kuva kuri ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abaguzi kuri sisitemu z'imikorere y'inganda, ubuvuzi, imodoka, na IoTmudasobwa zishyirwa mu bubiko zitanga imikorere yizewe kandi yihariye ku nshingano ibyo umuryango wa none ushingiraho. Dore ingero zifatika zigaragaza aho bagezeho.

A. Ibikoresho by'abaguzi

Muri urwego rw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, mudasobwa zishyirwa mu buryo butagaragara cyane, nyamara ni zo zigena ubunararibonye bw'umukoresha.

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  Telefoni zigendanwa na Tableti – Bikoreshwa n'abateye imbere poroseseri za sisitemu kuri chip (SoC), bakemura ibintu byose uhereye kuri gutunganya amashusho ya kamera kuri guhuza umuyoboro.
  
  

• Ibikoresho byo mu rugo – Imashini zo kumesa, firigo, n'amashyiga ya mikoroonde zishingiye ku abagenzuzi bato gucunga moteri, ibipimo ngenderwaho, n'uburyo bwo kwirinda.

• Kamera za digitale na consoles z'imikino – Aba bakoresha mudasobwa zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rimwe (SBCs) kuringaniza imbaraga zo gutunganya, igishushanyo mbonera gito, no uburyo bwo gusubiza mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo.

• Imyambaro – Amasaha y'ubwenge n'ibikoresho byo gukurikirana imyitozo ngororamubiri birahuzwa sisitemu zikoresha ingufu nke bakurikirana biometrics, bagakoresha porogaramu, kandi bagahuza neza bakoresheje Bluetooth cyangwa Wi-Fi.

Aha, icyibandwaho ni gukoresha neza ingufu, ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bike, no kugurwa neza mu gihe hakirindwa kwemeza ko imikorere igenda neza.

B. Sisitemu z'Inganda n'Ubucuruzi

Muri isi y'ingandamudasobwa zishyirwa mu bubiko ni ingenzi cyane kuri ikoranabuhanga n'ubwirinzi.

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  Ikoranabuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga – Kompyuta zo mu nganda Irimo mu bubiko bw'igenzura ricunga sisitemu zo gutwara ibintu, amaboko ya roboti, n'imirongo y'umusaruro hakoreshejwe igihe kigenwe.

• Robots zo mu nganda – Ifite ibikoresho sisitemu z'imikorere zishyirwa mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo (RTOS), izi mudasobwa zigenzura uburyo bwo gukora neza, uburyo bwo gufunga umutekano, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kubona imashini.

• Kiosks na ATM – Kompyuta zishyirwamo zitanga imikorere itekanye kandi ihoraho muri sisitemu zo kwiyishyurira, imashini zigurisha ibicuruzwa, n'aho banki zihagarara, akenshi hamwe n'ibikoresho bikomeye byo gukora amasaha 24/7.

• Ingufu n'Ibikorwaremezo – Ibipimo by'ubwenge, ibikoresho bigenzura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, na Sitasiyo zo gusharija amashanyarazi koresha ibikoresho bigenzura ibikoresho byinjijwemo kugira ngo urebe neza ko gukwirakwiza no gukurikirana ingufu neza.

Icy'ingenzi hano ni igishushanyo mbonera gikomeye, ubushobozi bwo kwaguka, n'ibihe birambakuko igihe cyo kuruhuka bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku musaruro n'inyungu.

C. Imodoka n'Ubwikorezi

Inganda z'imodoka ni zimwe mu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho cyane.

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  Ibikoresho byo kugenzura moteri (ECU) – Izi mashini zigenzura ishyirwa rya lisansi, igihe cyo gutwika, n'ibyuka bihumanya, zigatuma amahame mpuzamahanga yubahirizwa.

• Sisitemu z'umutekano – Imashini zigenzura imifuka y'umwuka, sisitemu zo gukumira gufunga feri (ABS), n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubwikorezi bw'amazi bidahindagurika byose byishingikiriza kuri mudasobwa zishyirwa mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo.

• Imyidagaduro n'Uburyo bwo Kugenda mu Iterambere – Mudasobwa zishyirwamo zikoresha ecran ziri mu modoka, GPS, na multimedia systems, akenshi zikoresha uburyo bwazo Linux yashyizwemo urubuga.

• Gutwara Ubwikorezi Bugenga – Imodoka zigezweho zihuza byinshi sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti ku gufata ibyemezo bishingiye kuri lidar, radar, no ku buhanga bwa AI.

Hano, umutekano, ubwizerwe, n'igisubizo cy'ukuri ni ingenzi, bigatuma RTOS n'imiterere y'ubwubatsi idafite ishingiro ngombwa.

D. Ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ubuvuzi

Mudasobwa zishyirwamo kandi zituma habaho ubuziranenge muri ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi.

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  Imashini zikora pacemakers n'ipompo za insuline – Sisitemu zishingiye kuri microcontroller zitanga imikorere ifasha ubuzima bufite imbaraga nke cyane kandi zizewe cyane.

• Ibikoresho byo Gushushanya - Ibikoresho nk'imashini zikoresha ultrasound na sisitemu za MRI birakoresha mudasobwa zikora neza cyane kugira ngo hakorwe amashusho mu buryo nyabwo.

• Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga byambarwa - Ibikoresho byo gupima umutima n'ibikoresho byo gusuzuma indwara bikoreshwa guhuza IoT byashyizwemo kugira ngo abarwayi bakurikiranwe kure.

Urwego rw'ubuvuzi rurasaba ibyemezo by'umutekano, ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi make, n'imikorere ihamye mu gihe nyacyo kurinda ubuzima bw'abarwayi.

E. IoT na Sisitemu zigezweho

Izamuka rya IoT na edge computing yaguriye urwego rwa mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa:

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  Amarembo ya IoT – Ikintu gito cyo mu bwoko bwa form mudasobwa zashyizwemo kusanya amakuru aturutse mu byuma byinshi byerekana amakuru hanyuma wohereze amakuru mu buryo bwizewe mu gicu.

• Inyubako z'ubwenge – Amatara, HVAC, n'ibikoresho byo kubuza inkongi umuriro bikoreshwa na abagenzuzi bashyizwemo umuyoboro.

• Indege zitagira abapilote n'uburyo bwo kugenzura - Sisitemu zishyirwa mu bubiko zicunga sensors, stabilization, na data streaming muri ahantu nyaho.

Muri ibi bihe, guhuza ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi, hamwe Interineti za Ethernet, Wi-Fi, 5G, na CAN bisi gutuma habaho guhanahana amakuru mu buryo nyabwo.

IV. Ibikoresho by'ibikoresho n'ubwubatsi

Mu shingiro rya buri mudasobwa ishyizwemo ikubiyemo uruvange rw'ibikoresho bya mudasobwa n'imiterere ya sisitemu byakozwe neza. Bitandukanye na mudasobwa zikoreshwa muri rusange, izi sisitemu zinogeye imikorere myiza, ubwizerwe, n'imikorere yihariye ku nshinganoGusobanukirwa ibintu by'ingenzi—abagenzura mikoro, abatunganya mikoro, ububiko, n'aho bahurira—ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma ibisubizo bya ikoranabuhanga ry’inganda, ibikoresho bya IoT, cyangwa sisitemu z’ubuvuzi.

A. Microcontrollers ugereranije na Microprocessors na SoCs

• Utugenzura duto (MCUs): Udupira duto kandi duhendutse duhuza CPU, RAM, ububiko bwa flash, na porogaramu za I/OBisanzwe muri ibikoresho, sensor, calculators, n'ibikoresho bigenzura imodoka, MCU ni nziza cyane kuri sisitemu zigenga zishyirwamo.

• Microprocessors (MPUs): Izi poroseseri zagenewe imikorere yo hejuru, zikenera ububiko bwo hanze n'inkunga sisitemu z'imikorere zigoye nka Yashyizwemo Linux cyangwa AndroidBiboneka muri mudasobwa zo mu nganda, ibimenyetso bya elegitoroniki, n'imyidagaduro mu modoka.

• Sisitemu iri kuri Chipu (SoC): Ihuza ibyiza byombi, ikanashyiramo CPU, GPU, na modules zo guhuza kuri chip imwe. SoCs ziganza telefoni zigendanwa, inzira za IoT, n'urubuga rwa interineti rwa edge computing bitewe n'uko imikorere myiza y'ingufu n'ubucucike bw'ingufu.

B. Imiyoboro yo mu mpande no guhuza

Sisitemu zishyirwamo zishingira ku bintu bitandukanye Imiyoboro ya I/O guhuza sensors, actuators, na networks:

• GPIO, UART, I²C, na SPI ku rwego rwo hasi rwo kugenzura.

• Bisi ya CAN muri sisitemu z'imodoka.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi, na Bluetooth kuri sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti.

• USB na PCIe yo kwagura impande zombi muri mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu nganda.

Izi mbuga zituma habaho ubworoherane mu ikoranabuhanga ryikora, roboti, n'ibidukikije bya IoT.

C. Amahitamo yo kubika no kubika ibintu

Amahitamo yo kwibuka agira ingaruka ku buryo sisitemu ikora neza kandi igatuma ibintu bihora bihagaze neza:

• ROM/Flash – kuri firmware na bootloaders.

• SRAM/DRAM – ku mirimo yo gukoresha mudasobwa mu gihe nyacyo.

• EEPROM na eMMC – ububiko burambye kandi budahindagurika bw'amakuru y'ingenzi.

Muri porogaramu z'ingenzi mu ntego nka amashusho y'ubuvuzi cyangwa indege, kwizerana mu kwibuka ni ingenzi kimwe n'imikorere idasazwe.

Muri make, uburinganire bw'imiterere y'ibikoresho byashyizwemo imikorere, ingano, ikiguzi, n'uburyo bwo guhuzaNiba ukoresha umuyoboro muto w'icyuma gipima imiterere y'icyuma cyangwa SoC ku gikoresho gikoresha ubwenge, ibi bice bigaragaza ubushobozi bwa sisitemu n'uburyo irambye bwo kuyikoresha.

V. Porogaramu na Sisitemu z'Imikorere

Mu gihe ibikoresho isobanura ubushobozi bw'umubiri bw'umuntu mudasobwa ishyizwemo, ni cyo porogaramu na sisitemu y'imikorere bigena uburyo sisitemu yitwara, ikorana, kandi isubiza. Kuva kuri firmware ikora kuri microcontrollers kuri sisitemu zuzuye z'imikorere zirimo Kuri mudasobwa zo mu nganda, urwego rwa porogaramu nirwo rutuma izi sisitemu ziba zize kandi zikora neza.

A. Firmware na Porogaramu Zishyizwemo

Inyinshi sisitemu zishingiye kuri microcontroller Kwiruka porogaramu ikora porogaramu, porogaramu yoroheje ibikwa muri ROM cyangwa Flash memoryIyi porogaramu isanzwe yanditswe muri Ururimi C cyangwa ihuriro, byakozwe neza ku muvuduko n'ingano. Ingero zirimo uburyo bwo kugenzura muri imashini imesa, sisitemu yo gutera lisansi mu modokacyangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda mu gikoresho gifasha mu muvuduko w'umutima. Firmware yagenewe kuba ihamye, ihamye, kandi irwanya gutsindwa, kubera ko porogaramu nyinshi zisaba imyaka myinshi y'imikorere idahinduka.

B. Sisitemu z'imikorere zishyirwa mu mwanya wa mbere

Ku mirimo igoye kurushaho, sisitemu z'imikorere zishyirwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa (OS) gutanga ibidukikije bifite imiterere ihamye:

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  Sisitemu z'imikorere mu gihe nyacyo (RTOS): Amapuratifomu nka VxWorks, QNX, na FreeRTOS gutanga igihe cyo gusubiza gihamye, by'ingenzi mu sisitemu z'umutekano w'imodoka, porogaramu z'indege, na roboti zo mu nganda.

• Linux yashyizwemo: Ikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti, inzira za IoT, na mudasobwa zikora mu buryo bwikora mu nganda, bitanga ubworoherane, ubushobozi bwo kwaguka, no gushyigikira abaturage cyane. Ibikoresho nk'ibi Yocto, Buildroot, na OpenWrt koresha uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu.

• Ubwoko bwa Android: Byahinduwe Porogaramu ya Android ikomeje gukoreshwa cyane muri ibimenyetso by'ikoranabuhanga, za kiosks, na sisitemu z'imyidagaduro, bitewe nuko imiterere y'amashusho yuzuye hamwe n'urusobe rw'ibikorwa.

• Windows Embedded / WinCE: Nubwo bitagikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe, biracyakoreshwa muri amakiosiki ya kera, ibyuma bitwara abantu bifashishwa mu ntoki, n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi.

C. Ibitekerezo bya porogaramu

Amahitamo ya Porogaramu yashyizweho biterwa na:

• Ibisabwa mu gihe nyacyo (RTOS ikomeye ugereranije n'iyoroshye).

• Ibikenewe mu guhuza (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, CAN bisi).

• Umutekano n'ubwirinzi (ingenzi mu buvuzi no kugenzura inganda).

Mu by'ukuri, urwego rwa porogaramu ruhindura mudasobwa ishyizwemo kuva kuri silikoni mbisi ujya kuri sisitemu yubatswe ku ntego kandi yizewe—ishobora gukoresha imbaraga zose uhereye kuri Ibikoresho bya IoT kuri kugenzura indege mu buryo bw'ingenzi.

VI. Ibiranga igishushanyo n'imbogamizi

Gushushanya mudasobwa ishyizwemo bikubiyemo kuringaniza byinshi inzitizi mu gihe ihura n'ibisabwa mu mikorere yayo. Bitandukanye na mudasobwa zikoreshwa muri rusange, sisitemu zishyirwamo zigomba gukora mu buryo buhamye ingufu, ingano, igiciro, n'ibisabwa mu gihe nyacyo, mu gihe kandi hakiri karemezwa ko ubukana, umutekano, no kwizerwa.

A. Ingufu, Ingano, n'Ikiguzi

• Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nke: Ibikoresho byinshi byashyizwemo, nka Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa IoT, ibikoresho byo kwa muganga, n'ibikoresho byo kwambara, ikoresha ingufu nke za batiri. Ibikoresho na porogaramu byatunganyijwe kugira ngo gukoresha neza ingufu binyuze mu buhanga nka imicungire y'ingufu zihinduka na SoCs zifite voltage nkeya.

• Igipimo cy'ifishi nto: Porogaramu nka ECU z'imodoka, imashini zigenzura ibimenyetso by'ikoranabuhanga, n'inzira z'inganda bisaba sisitemu zishobora kwinjira mu bice bito bidahungabanya imikorere.

• Uburyo bwo gukoresha neza ikiguzi: Umusaruro mugari wa ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abaguzi nk'ibisabwa n'imashini zimesa cyangwa ibyuma bipima imashini nto zigenzura ibintu zihendutse biracyatanga icyizere.

B. Imbogamizi zo mu gihe nyacyo

Inganda nyinshi zishingira ku sisitemu zishyirwa mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo aho gutunganya bigomba kuba mu gihe ntarengwa:

• Sisitemu zikomeye zo mu gihe nyacyo – Ingero zirimo ibikoresho byo kugenzura imifuka y'umwuka, sisitemu zo gukumira feri (ABS), na pacemakers, aho ndetse no gutinda kw'amasegonda make bishobora gutuma umuntu ananirwa.

• Sisitemu zoroshye zo mu gihe nyacyo – Byabonetse muri ibyuma bikoresha multimedia, sisitemu z'imyidagaduro, n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura ingandaaho gutinda kwihanganirwa ariko bikagabanuka.

C. Ubuhangange n'Ubwirinzi

Kompyuta zikoreshwa mu nganda akenshi bishyirwa mu ibidukikije bikomeye hamwe n'ubushyuhe bukabije, ukuzunguruka, n'umukungugu. Kugira ngo bikomeze kuba inyangamugayo, biragaragaza gukonjesha nta feni, kubika ibintu bikomeye, gusiga irangi risanzwe, no kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshiKuramba nabyo ni ingenzi; inganda nyinshi zitegereje Imyaka irenga 10 y'ubuzima ku bikoresho nta nkomyi.

D. Ibitekerezo ku mutekano

Hamwe n'izamuka rya sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti muri IoT, imodoka, n'imikorere y'inganda, umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga Byabaye ingenzi mu gushushanya. Ibintu nk'ibi Gufungura neza, gukingira ibikoresho, no gutahura ukwinjira birushaho kuba ibisanzwe mu kurinda ibikorwa remezo by'ingenzi.

Mu gusoza, mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu nganda zidafite umuyaga igishushanyo mbonera ni uburyo bworoshye bwo kuringaniza imikorere myiza, uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bufatika, ubwizerwe bukomeye, n'umutekanoIzi mbogamizi zisobanura uburyo sisitemu zishyirwa mu bubiko zitanga imbaraga kuri byose uhereye kuri robots zo mu ruganda kuri ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi mu buryo bunoze kandi bwizewe.

V. Porogaramu na Sisitemu z'Imikorere

Itsinda urwego rwa porogaramu nicyo gihindura mudasobwa ishyizwemo kuva ku bikoresho byoroshye kugera kuri sisitemu ikora kandi ifite ubwenge. Waba ukoresha porogaramu ikoresha microcontroller cyangwa yuzuye sisitemu y'imikorere iriho, porogaramu isobanura imikorere, ubwizerwe, no koroshya ibintuGuhitamo urubuga rukwiye ni ingenzi ku bikorwa muri ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, umutekano w'imodoka, n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bya IoT.

A. Firmware na Porogaramu Zishyizwemo

Kuri benshi sisitemu zigenga zishyirwamo, ishingiro ni porogaramu ikora porogaramu—porogaramu zoroheje zibikwa muri ROM cyangwa Flash memoryByanditswe muri C, C++, cyangwa guteranya, firmware iragenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibyemezo n'ubudahangarwa bw'igihe kirekire. Ingero zisanzwe zirimo logique igenzura a imashini imesa, sisitemu yo gutera lisansi mu modokacyangwa uburyo bwo gukora igihe muri pacemakerKubera ko izi sisitemu zikunze gukora imyaka myinshi nta kuvugurura, firmware igomba kuba ikora neza, ifite umutekano, kandi yizewe cyane.

B. Sisitemu z'imikorere zishyirwa mu mwanya wa mbere

Iyo porogaramu zisaba ko habaho imbogamizi nyinshi, sisitemu y'imikorere iriho (OS) iratangira gukoreshwa:

• Sisitemu z'imikorere mu gihe nyacyo (RTOS): Amapuratifomu nka FreeRTOS, VxWorks, na QNX shoboza kugenzura mu buryo bugoye mu gihe nyacyo kuri indege, sisitemu zo gufunga imodoka, na roboti zo mu nganda.

• Linux yashyizwemo: Igisubizo cyoroshye kandi gishoboka kwaguka kuri sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti, inzira za IoT, na mudasobwa z'inganda, hamwe n'inyubako zikunzwe nka Yocto, Buildroot, na OpenWrt.

• Android kuri sisitemu zishyirwamo: Byakoreshejwe muri ibimenyetso by'ikoranabuhanga, za kiosks, na sisitemu z'imyidagaduro, itanga imbuga ikoresha cyane na urusobe rw'ibikoresho bya porogaramu.

• Windows Embedded / WinCE: Ndimo ndahari muri ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi bya kera n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, izwiho inkunga y'igihe kirekire.

C. Ibigomba kwitabwaho by'ingenzi

Amahitamo ya Porogaramu yashyizweho biterwa na:

• Uburyo bwo gusubiza mu gihe nyacyo ugereranije n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora ibintu muri rusange.

• Ibisabwa ku guhuza nka Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cyangwa CAN bisi.

• Impamyabushobozi z'umutekano n'umutekano kuri porogaramu z'ingenzi mu ntego.

Muri make, porogaramu isobanura ubwenge bwa mudasobwa ishyizwemo, byaba binyuze muri uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha porogaramu cyangwa uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye RTOS na porogaramu za Linux za Embedded.

VII. Inzira n'Ibyerekezo by'ejo hazaza

Ikibuga cya mudasobwa zirimo irimo itera imbere vuba, iterwa n'iterambere mu IoT, ikoranabuhanga rya edge computing, n'ubwenge bw'ubukorano (AI)Kubera ko inganda zisaba byinshi ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwo guhuza, no gukora neza, ahazaza ha sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti hazibanda ku bisubizo by’ubwenge, byihuse kandi bihamye.

A. Ubuhanga bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku nkengero

Imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi ni ukwishyira hamwe kwa AI n'imyitozo ngororamubiri (machine learning) mu buryo butaziguye mudasobwa zashyizwemo na porogaramu za sisitemu kuri chip (SoC)Aho kohereza amakuru kuri cloud, intera y'ubuhanga bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina (AI) yemerera gufata ibyemezo mu gihe nyacyo aho bakorera. Urugero:

• Roboti zo mu nganda ifite uburyo bwo kureba bukoresha ubuhanga bwa AI ishobora kubona inenge z'ibicuruzwa ako kanya.

• Ibinyabiziga byigenga koresha GPU na NPU zishyizwemo kuri kumenya amashusho mu gihe nyacyo.

• Kamera zigezweho na Amarembo ya IoT kora isesengura ry’amakuru mu gace utuyemo, ugabanye gutinda no kunoza ubuzima bwite.

Iri hinduka ririmo guhindura ibikoresho byashyizwemo urubuga rw'ikoranabuhanga rwa mudasobwa.

B. Gukoresha neza ingufu no kuzibungabunga

Hamwe n'ibikoresho bya miliyari byashyizwe ku isi yose, igishushanyo mbonera cy'ingufu nke Ntabwo bikiri amahitamo. Abakora ibikoresho barimo gukoresha:

• Imicungire y'ingufu zihinduka kugira ngo bongere igihe cyo gukoresha bateri.

• Imiterere yo gukonjesha idafite feni ku bidukikije bikomeye.

• Sisitemu z’icyatsi kibisi zishyirwamo bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu muri ibigo by'amakuru, inganda, n'amazu agezweho.

Imikoreshereze y'ingufu izakomeza kuba imbogamizi nyamukuru mu miterere y'ingufu muri ibikoresho byo kwambara, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, n'ibikoresho byo gupima bya IoT.

C. Guhuza no guhuza IoT

Guhurirana kwa IoT na mudasobwa ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa irimo kurema byinshi sisitemu zishyirwa kuri interineti kurusha mbere hose. Ibintu by'ingenzi bifasha birimo:

• Ihuza rya 5G kuri porogaramu zo gutinda cyane.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi 6, na bisi ya CAN kwishyira hamwe muri ikoranabuhanga mu nganda.

• Imbuga zashyizwemo ibikoresho byo mu kirere zihuza neza na Azure, AWS, cyangwa ibicu byigenga.

Mu gusoza, ahazaza ha mudasobwa zashyizwemokuyobora uruganda rwa mudasobwa rurimo iherereye mu ihuriro rya Ubuhanga bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku mpande, imiterere ikoresha ingufu nke, hamwe n'uburyo bwo guhuza IoTUtu dushya tuzagura uruhare rwatwo muri inganda zigezweho, ubwikorezi bwigenga, ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho.

Igisha inama yo gusoma: