Mehlala e 20 ea Lefatše la 'Nete ea Lik'homphieutha tse Kenyelelitsoeng tse Fetolang Bophelo ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi le Indasteri

I. Selelekela

An khomphutha e kentsweng ke sistimi e ikgethang ya khomphutha e reretsweng ho etsa mesebetsi e ikgethileng ka hara sesebediswa kapa tshebediso e kgolo. khomphutha e sebetsang ka kakaretso joalo ka laptop kapa desktop, sistimi e kentsoeng e ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa tshebetso e itseng, hangata e sebetsa tlas'a lithibelo tse thata ho tšebeliso ea motlakase, boholo, thekole tshebetso ya nako ya sebele. Litsamaiso tsena hangata li hahiloe ho potoloha li-microcontroller, li-microprocessorkapa sistimi e holim'a chip (SoC) meralo ea meralo, e kopanyang hardware le software ka bobeli tharollong e le 'ngoe e nyane.

The nalane ea lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng e qalile lilemong tsa bo-1960, ka mehlala ea pele e kang Khomphutha ea Tataiso ea Apollo e sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing ea sepakapaka ea NASA. Ho tloha ka nako eo, tšimo ena e fetohile haholo, e nolofalletsang Likhomphutha tse kenelletseng, dikhomphutha tsa boto e le nngwe (di-SBC) joalo ka Raspberry Pi le Boto ea Beaglele tse se nang palo Lisebelisoa tsa IoT matla ao a lefats'e le hokahaneng la kajeno. Ho tloha ho diyuniti tsa taolo ya enjene ya dikoloi (di-ECU) ho li-pacemaker tsa bongaka, le ho tloha ho liroboto tsa othomathike tsa indasteri ho litsamaiso tsa matšoao a dijithale, lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng li fetohile motheo o khutsitseng oa theknoloji ea sejoale-joale.

Bohlokoa ba litsamaiso tse kenelletseng li itšetlehile ka ho fumaneha ha tsona hohle le ho ikamahanya le maemo. Li fumanoa ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki tse kang difouno tse bohlale, mechini e hlatswang diaparo, le diwatjhe tse bohlale, hammoho le ho lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa joalo ka likoloi tse ikemetseng, mela ea othomathike ea fektherile lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botleMoralo oa tsona hangata o kenyelletsa litsamaiso tse sebetsang tse kentsoeng (RTOS, Linux e kentsoeng, kapa mefuta ea Android), ho netefatsa tshebetso e tshepahalang le e ka bolelwang esale pele.

Sengoloa sena se fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mehlala ea lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng, e akaretsang lisebelisoa tsa bareki, litsamaiso tsa indasteri, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, theknoloji ea likoloi, le litharollo tsa IoTRe tla boela re hlahlobe tsa bona meralo ea lisebelisoa tsa hardware, li-platform tsa software, litšobotsi tsa moralo, le mekhoa ea nakong e tlangQetellong, babali ba tla fumana kutloisiso e hlakileng ea hore na litsamaiso tsena li sebetsa joang, li sebelisoa hokae, le hore na ke hobane'ng ha li le bohlokoa ho theheng liindasteri le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi.

II. Mekhahlelo ea Lik'homphieutha tse Kenngoeng

Lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng li na le mekhoa e mengata haholo, leha ho le joalo moralo le ho kenngoa ha tsona li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse hlakileng. Ho utloisisa lihlopha tsena ho bohlokoa bakeng sa baenjiniere, litsebi tsa IT le likhoebo tse hlahlobang litharollo tsa PC tse kentsoengMekhoa ena hangata e hlophisitsoe ke ntlha ea foromo le meralo ka lehlakoreng le leng, le ka tshebetso le bokgoni ba ho hokahanya marangrang ka lehlakoreng le leng.

A. Ka Sebopeho sa Sebopeho / Meaho

1. Lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng ka har'a sistimi (SoC)

A Sistimi e ho Chip (SoC) e kopanya Batsamaisi ba CPU, memori, I/O, 'me ka linako tse ling esita le li-GPU ka har'a sephutheloana se le seng sa silicon. Moralo ona o moholo haholo e nyane, e bolokang matla, 'me e theko e tlaseMeralo ea SoC e fumanoa ho li-smartphone, lisebelisoa tsa IoT, li-smartwatches le litsamaiso tsa matšoao a dijithale, moo tshebetso e lokelang ho leka-lekana le tšebeliso e tlase ea matlaMoralo oa tsona o ikemetseng o li etsa hore li be ntle bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse nkehang habobebe le tsa bareki moo sebaka se fokolang.

2. Likhomphutha tse kentsoeng ka sokete kapa tse kopantsoeng ka modular

Lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng tse thehiloeng soketeng li entsoe bakeng sa ho tenyetseha le ho iketsetsa lintho ka tsela e ikgethangHo fapana le SoCs, Li-module tsa CPU le memori hangata e ka ntlafatsoa, ​​e leng se eketsang potoloho ea bophelo ba sehlahisoa ka othomathike ea indasteri, liroboto, li-kiosk, le lisebelisoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bongakaLi na le tšobotsi di-slots tsa katoloso le dikgetho tse ngata tsa I/O, e tšehetsa lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tse kang Li-accelerator tsa GPU, li-interface tsa Ethernet tse lebelo le phahameng, le libese tsa CANMekhoa ena e khethoa ha ho pharalla ha tshebetso le ho tshepahala ha nako e telele ke tsa bohlokoa.

3. Lik'homphieutha tsa Boto e le 'Ngoe (SBC)

Lik'homphieutha tsa boto e le 'ngoe (SBCs) joalo ka Raspberry Pi, BeagleBoard, le Arduino kopanya likarolo tsohle tsa bohlokoa botong e nyane ea potoloho. Li fana ka tekano pakeng tsa theko e tlase le ts'ebetso, e leng se etsang hore li tuma haholo bakeng sa thuto, prototyping, menyako ea IoT, le taolo e bobebe ea indasteri. Lik'homphieutha tsa boto e le 'ngoe tsa SBC lia tenyetseha: ka phaposing ea ho rutela, li ruta nts'etsopele e kenelletseng; indastering, li fana ka taolo ea othomathike e theko e tlase kapa mesebetsi ea k'homphieutha e ka holimoBotumo ba bona bo simoloha ho sechaba se seholo sa baqapi le tšehetso e pharaletseng ea OS, ho kenyeletsoa Linux le Android tse kentsoeng.

B. Ka Tshebetso / Bokgoni ba Marangrang

1. Mekhoa e Kenyellelitsoeng e Ikemetseng

A sistimi e kenelletseng e ikemetseng e hahiloe ho phethahatsa e le 'ngoe mosebetsi o inehetseng ntle le khokahano ea kantle. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-controller tsa microwave, li-calculator, kapa liboto tsa logic tsa mochini o hlatsoang. Lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa motlakase le firmware li ntlafalitsoe ka thata bakeng sa ts'epo, bonolo le litšenyehelo. Litsamaiso tsena li totobatsa tshebetso e tiileng ka hare ho ditikoloho tse kwetsweng.

2. Mekhoa e Kenngoeng ka Nako ea Sebele (e Thehiloeng ho RTOS)

Liindasteri tse ling li sitoa ho mamella tieho. Mekhoa e kenelletseng ea nako ea sebele (RTOS) netefatsa tshebetso e ikemiseditseng, e ka bolelwang esale pele ka ho arabela matshwao a ho kenya ka hara di-microsecond. Matla a ditsamaiso tsena litaolo tsa polokeho ea likoloi joalo ka Sistimi ea ho thibela ho notlela ha brake (ABS), mekotla ea moeale diyuniti tsa taolo ya enjene (di-ECU), moho le lisebelisoa tsa bongaka joalo ka li-pacemaker kapa li-defibrillatorLi-platform tsa RTOS tse kang VxWorks, QNX, kapa Linux e Kenngoeng ka di-patches tsa PREEMPT_RT li amoheloa haholo ho lifofane, tšireletso le liroboto tsa indasteri.

3. Mekhoa e Kenngoeng ka Marang-rang

Mehleng ea IoT le khomphutha ea moeli, litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang li atile haholo. Litsamaiso tsena li na le lisebelisoa tse hahiloeng kahare Khokahano ea Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, kapa selefounu, e ba nolofalletsang ho buisana le li-platform tsa maru, li-server le lisebelisoa tse ling. Mehlala e kenyelletsa mechine e bohlale ea ho rekisa, li-sensor tsa indasteri, liheke tsa IoT, le litsamaiso tsa ts'ireletso tse hokahanengKa ho kopanya tlhokomelo e hole le tlhahlobo ea data, ba matlafatsa tlhokomelo ea lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele lifekthering, tsamaiso ea likepe tsa lipalangoangle ntlafatso ea matla ho li-grid tse bohlale.

Kakaretso

The mekhahlelo ea lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng bontša mefuta-futa ea tšimo. Ka lehlakoreng la meralo, rea bona Meralo e thehiloeng ho SoC bakeng sa katleho e nyane, Likhomphutha tsa modular tsa socket bakeng sa ho pharallale Li-SBC bakeng sa ho tenyetseha le ho ba le theko e tlaseKa lehlakoreng la tshebetso, ho na le litsamaiso tse ikemetseng bakeng sa ts'epo e tsepamisitsoeng, litsamaiso tsa nako ea sebele bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa ba polokeho, le litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang ho matlafatsa Phetohelo ea IoT.

Ka ho beha lihlopha ka lihlopha lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng indastering ka tsela ena, baetsi ba liqeto ba ka hokahanya theknoloji le litlhoko tsa bona hamolemo—ebang ke sensor ea IoT e theko e tlase, e PC ea indasteri e sebetsang hantle haholo, kapa molaoli oa nako ea sebele bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa bohlokoa-thuto.

III. Mehlala ea Lefatše la 'Nete ho pholletsa le Libaka

Boleng ba 'nete ba khomphutha e kentsweng e hlaka ha re hlahloba hore na e sebelisoa joang liindastering tsohle. lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki ho othomathike ea indasteri, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, likoloi le litsamaiso tsa IoT, dikhomphutha tse kentsweng di fana ka tshebetso e tshepahalang, e ikgethang ka mosebetsi seo sechaba sa mehleng ena se itšetlehileng ka sona. Ka tlase ke mehlala e sebetsang e bontšang phihlello ea bona.

A. Lisebelisoa tsa Bareki

Ka hare ho lekala la lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, dikhomphutha tse kentsweng ha di bonahale, empa di hlalosa phihlelo ya mosebedisi.

• 
  Li-smartphone le Matlapa - E tsamaisoa ke e tsoetseng pele li-processor tsa sistimi e holim'a chip (SoC), ba sebetsana le ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha ho ts'ebetso ea setšoantšo sa khamera ho khokahano ea marang-rang.
  
  

• Lisebelisoa tsa Lapeng – Mechini ea ho hlatsoa, ​​lihatsetsi le lionto tsa microwave li itšetlehile ka li-microcontroller ho laola dienjene, di-timers le mekgwa ya polokeho.

• Lik'hamera tsa Dijithale le Li-console tsa Lipapali – Tsena lia sebetsa dikhomphutha tsa boto e le nngwe (di-SBC) ho leka-lekanya matla a ts'ebetso, moralo o monyane, le karabelo ea nako ea sebele.

• Liaparo tse aparoang - Li-smartwatches le li-tracker tsa boikoetliso lia kopana litsamaiso tse kentsoeng tse nang le matla a tlase ba latelang biometrics, ba tsamaisang mananeo, mme ba hokela ka tsela e se nang mathata ka Bluetooth kapa Wi-Fi.

Mona, kgatello e ho bokgoni ba motlakase, ntlha e nyane ya sebopeho, le theko e tlase ha o ntse o netefatsa tshebetso e arabelang.

B. Mekhoa ea Liindasteri le ea Khoebo

Ka hare ho lefats'e la indasteri, dikhomphutha tse kentsweng di bohlokwa bakeng sa othomathiki le botshepehi.

• 
  Boiketsetso ba Feme – Likhomphutha tsa indasteri e kentsweng ka hara dikhabote tsa taolo e laola ditsamaiso tsa ho tsamaisa thepa, matsoho a roboto, le mela ya tlhahiso ka nako e rerilweng.

• Liroboto tsa Liindasteri – E hlomelitsoe ka litsamaiso tse sebetsang tse kentsoeng ka nako ea sebele (RTOS), lik'homphieutha tsena li laola ho nepahala ha motsamao, li-interlock tsa polokeho, le litsamaiso tsa pono ea mochini.

• Li-kioske le li-ATM – Likhomphutha tse kentsweng di fana ka ts'ebetso e sireletsehileng, e tswelang pele ho litsamaiso tsa ho itefella, mechini ea ho rekisa le liteishene tsa banka, hangata ka lisebelisoa tse thata bakeng sa nako ea ho sebetsa ea 24/7.

• Matla le Lisebelisoa – Limithara tse bohlale, balaoli ba gridi, le Liteishene tsa ho tjhaja motlakase sebelisa balaoli ba kentsoeng ho netefatsa kabo le tlhokomelo e sebetsang hantle ea eneji.

Ntho ea bohlokoa mona ke moralo o thata, ho katolosoa, le lipotoloho tse telele tsa bophelo, kaha nako ea ho se sebetse e ama tlhahiso le phaello ka kotloloho.

C. Likoloi le Lipalangoang

Indasteri ea likoloi ke e 'ngoe ea bareki ba bangata ba theknoloji e kentsoeng.

• 
  Diyuniti tsa Taolo ea Enjene (li-ECU) – Balaoli bana ba kentsoeng ba laola ho kenngoa ha mafura, nako ea ho hotetsa le mesi e tsoang, ho netefatsa hore ho latela maemo a lefats'e.

• Mekhoa ea Polokeho – Litaolo tsa mekotla ea moea, litsamaiso tsa ho thibela ho notlela ha brake (ABS), le taolo ea ho tsamaea ka sekepe e feto-fetohang bohle ba itšetlehile ka lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng ka nako ea sebele.

• Boithabiso ba Tlhahisoleseling le Tsamaiso – Likhomphutha tse kentsoeng li kenya matla ka har'a koloi lipontšo, GPS, le litsamaiso tsa multimedia, hangata li sebetsa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng Linux e kentsweng liforomo.

• Ho khanna ka boikemelo - Likoloi tsa sejoale-joale li kopanya tse ngata litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse tsamaisoang ke lidar, radar, le AI.

Mona, polokeho, botšepehi, le karabelo e tiileng ke tsa bohlokoa, tse etsang hore RTOS le meralo e kenelletseng e sa hlokahaleng ea bohlokoa.

D. Lisebelisoa tsa Bongaka le tsa Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo

Lik'homphieutha tse kentsweng li boetse li nolofalletsa ho nepahala ha theknoloji ea bongaka.

• 
  Lipompo tsa Insulin le Lipompo tsa Pacemaker – Litsamaiso tse thehiloeng ho microcontroller li fana ka mesebetsi e tšehetsang bophelo ka matla a tlase haholo le ts'epo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

• Lisebelisoa tsa ho Etsa Litšoantšo - Lisebelisoa tse kang mechine ea ultrasound le litsamaiso tsa MRI lia sebetsa Likhomphutha tse kentsoeng tse sebetsang hantle haholo bakeng sa ho hlahisa setšoantšo ka nako ea sebele.

• Lisebelisoa tsa Bongaka tse Aparehang - Lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahloba pelo le lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahloba lia sebelisoa khokahano e kentsoeng ea IoT bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea mokuli hole.

Lekala la tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle lea hloka litifikeiti tsa polokeho, tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, le ts'ebetso e tiileng ea nako ea sebele ho sireletsa maphelo a bakuli.

E. IoT le Mekhoa e Bohlale

Ho phahama ha IoT le khomphutha ea moeli e atolositse boholo ba lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng:

• 
  Liheke tsa IoT – Ntho e nyane ea sebopeho Likhomphutha tse kenelletseng kopanya data ho tsoa ho li-sensor tse ngata 'me u e fetisetse ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng lerung.

• Meaho e Bohlale – Mabone, HVAC, le litsamaiso tsa alamo ea mollo li tsamaisoa ke balaoli ba kentsoeng ka marang-rang.

• Li-drone le Mekhoa ea ho Lekola - Litsamaiso tse kenelletseng li laola li-sensor, botsitso le phallo ea data ho libaka tsa nako ea sebele.

Maemong ana, khokahano ke ntlha e hlalosang, ka Li-interface tsa bese tsa Ethernet, Wi-Fi, 5G, le CAN ho nolofalletsa phapanyetsano ea data ea nako ea sebele.

IV. Likarolo tsa Hardware le Meralo

Motheong oa ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe khomphutha e kentsweng ho na le motsoako o hlophisitsoeng ka hloko oa likarolo tsa hardware le meralo ea sistimi. Ho fapana le likhomphutha tse akaretsang, litsamaiso tsena li ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa bokgoni, botshepehi, le tshebetso e ikgethileng ho mosebetsi. Ho utloisisa metheo—li-microcontroller, li-microprocessor, memori, le li-interface tsa peripheral—e bohlokoa ha ho hlahlojoa litharollo tsa othomathike ea indasteri, lisebelisoa tsa IoT, kapa litsamaiso tsa bongaka.

A. Batsamaisi ba Microcontrollers khahlanong le Microprocessors le SoCs

• Li-microcontroller (li-MCU): Li-chips tse nyane, tse theko e tlase tse kopanyang CPU, RAM, polokelo ea Flash, le lisebelisoa tsa I/O. E tloaelehileng ho lisebelisoa, li-sensor, li-calculator le balaoli ba likoloi, Li-MCU li loketse bakeng sa litsamaiso tse kenelletseng tse ikemetseng.

• Li-Microprocessor (li-MPU): E etselitsoe ts'ebetso e phahameng, li-processor tsena li hloka memori le tšehetso ea kantle litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa ts'ebetso joalo ka E kentswe Linux kapa AndroidLi fumanoa ho Likhomphutha tsa indasteri, matšoao a dijithale, le boithabiso ba tlhahisoleseling ka koloing.

• Sistimi-on-Chip (SoC): E kopanya tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa lefats'e ka bobeli, e kenyelletsa Li-module tsa CPU, GPU le khokahano ho chipu e le 'ngoe. Li-SoC lia busa li-smartphone, liheke tsa IoT, le li-platform tsa komporo ea bohale ka lebaka la bona bokgoni ba motlakase le bongata ba kopanyo.

B. Li-interface tsa peripheral le khokahano

Litsamaiso tse kentsweng li itšetlehile ka mefuta e fapaneng Li-interface tsa I/O ho hokela di-sensor, di-actuator le marangrang:

• GPIO, UART, I²C, le SPI bakeng sa taolo ea maemo a tlase.

• Bese ea CAN litsamaisong tsa likoloi.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi, le Bluetooth bakeng sa litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang.

• USB le PCIe bakeng sa katoloso e ka thoko ho Likhomphutha tse kentsoeng indastering.

Li-interface tsena li netefatsa ho tenyetseha ha othomathike ea fektheri, liroboto, le litsamaiso tsa tikoloho tsa IoT.

C. Dikgetho tsa Memori le Polokelo

Likhetho tsa memori li ama karabelo le botsitso ba sistimi:

• ROM/Flash – bakeng sa firmware le li-bootloader.

• SRAM/DRAM – bakeng sa mesebetsi ea k'homphieutha ea nako ea sebele.

• EEPROM le eMMC – polokelo e tšoarellang, e sa fetoheng bakeng sa data ea bohlokoa.

Ka hare lits'ebetso tse bohlokoa ka sepheo joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bongaka kapa lifofane, ho tšepahala ha memori ho bohlokoa joalo ka ts'ebetso e tala.

Ka kakaretso, tekano ea meralo ea lisebelisoa tse kentsoeng tshebetso, boholo, ditjeo le kgokeloHore na o sebedisa microcontroller bakeng sa node ea sensor kapa SoC bakeng sa sesebelisoa se bohlale, dikarolo tsena di hlalosa bokgoni ba sistimi le botshepehi ba yona ba nako e telele.

V. Software le Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso

Ha a ntse a lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha e hlalosa bokgoni ba mmele ba khomphutha e kentsweng, ke software le sistimi e sebetsang tse etsang qeto ea hore na tsamaiso e itšoara joang, e sebelisana joang le ho arabela joang. firmware e sebetsang ho li-microcontrollers ho litsamaiso tse sebetsang tse kentsoeng tse nang le likarolo tse felletseng Likhomphutheng tsa indasteri, lera la software ke lona le etsang hore litsamaiso tsena li be bohlale le ho sebetsa hantle.

A. Firmware le Software e Kenngoeng

Bongata litsamaiso tse thehiloeng ho microcontroller matha firmware, lenaneo le bobebe le bolokiloeng ho ROM kapa memori ea Flash. Software ena hangata e ngolwa ka Puo ea kopano kapa C, e ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa lebelo le boholo. Mehlala e kenyelletsa mokhoa oa taolo ho mochini o hlatsoang liaparo, e sistimi ea ho kenya peterole ea koloi, kapa mokhoa oa polokeho oa pacemaker. Firmware e etselitsoe ho ba e tsitsitseng, e ikemiselitseng, le e hanelang ho hloleha, kaha lits'ebetso tse ngata li hloka lilemo tsa ts'ebetso e sa khaotseng.

B. Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso e Kenyelelitsoeng

Bakeng sa mesebetsi e rarahaneng haholoanyane, litsamaiso tse sebetsang tse kentsoeng (OS) fana ka tikoloho e hlophisitsoeng hantle:

• 
  Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso ea Nako ea Sebele (RTOS): Li-platform tse kang VxWorks, QNX, le FreeRTOS fana ka linako tsa karabelo tse ikemiselitseng, ea bohlokoa ho litsamaiso tsa polokeho ea likoloi, lits'ebetso tsa lifofane, le liroboto tsa indasteri.

• Linux e Kenyelelitsoeng: E sebelisoa haholo ho litsamaiso tse kentsoeng marang-rang, liheke tsa IoT, le li-PC tsa othomathike tsa indasteri, e fanang ka ho tenyetseha, ho hola, le tšehetso e matla ea sechaba. Kabo e kang Yocto, Buildroot, le OpenWrt nolofalletsa ho iketsetsa lintho ka tsela e ikgethang.

• Mefuta e fapaneng ea Android: E etselitsoeng uena Mokhoa oa Ts'ebetso oa Android e ntse e sebelisoa haholoanyane ho matšoao a dijithale, di-kiosk, le ditsamaiso tsa boithabiso ba infotainment, ka lebaka la eona sebopeho se ruileng sa litšoantšo le tikoloho ea lisebelisoa.

• Windows Embedded / WinCE: Leha e se matla haholo kajeno, e ntse e sebelisoa ho li-kiosk tsa khale, li-terminal tse tšoaroang ka letsoho, le lisebelisoa tsa bongaka.

C. Mehopolo ea Software

Khetho ea OS e kentsweng ho itshetlehile ka:

• Litlhoko tsa nako ea sebele (RTOS e thata khahlanong le e bonolo).

• Litlhoko tsa khokahano (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, bese ea CAN).

• Tšireletso le botšepehi (ea bohlokoa tlhokomelong ea bophelo bo botle le taolong ea indasteri).

Ha e le hantle, lera la software le fetola khomphutha e kentsweng ho tloha ho silicon e tala ho ea ho sistimi e hahiloeng ka morero le e tšepahalang—e khona ho matlafatsa ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha ho Lisebelisoa tsa IoT ho litaolo tsa sefofane tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le morero.

VI. Litšobotsi le Lithibelo tsa Moralo

Ho rala khomphutha e kentsweng e kenyelletsa ho leka-lekanya tse ngata lithibelo ha e ntse e fihlela litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea eona. Ho fapana le lik'homphieutha tse sebelisoang ka kakaretso, litsamaiso tse kentsoeng hangata li tlameha ho sebetsa tlas'a maemo a thata matla, boholo, litšenyehelo le litlhoko tsa nako ea sebele, ha ka nako e ts'oanang ho netefatsa ho tiea, tshireletso, le botshepehi.

A. Matla, Boholo le Litšenyehelo

• Tšebeliso e Tlase ea Matla: Lisebelisoa tse ngata tse kentsoeng, joalo ka Li-sensor tsa IoT, li-implant tsa bongaka, le lintho tse aparoang, e sebetsa ka matla a fokolang a betri. Hardware le software li ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa bokgoni ba ho boloka matla ka mekhoa e kang taolo ea matla a matla le Li-SoC tse nang le motlakase o tlase.

• Ntlha e Kgutshwane ya Sebopeho: Lisebelisoa tse kang Li-ECU tsa likoloi, balaoli ba matšoao a dijithale, le liheke tsa indasteri hloka litsamaiso tse ka kenang ka har'a li-enclosure tse nang le lithibelo ntle le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso.

• Ho Bokgoni ba Litšenyehelo: Tlhahiso e kgolo ya lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki joalo ka litlhoko tsa mechini ea ho hlatsoa kapa lik'halkhuleita li-microcontroller tse kentsoeng tse theko e tlase tse ntseng li fana ka ts'epo.

B. Litšitiso tsa Nako ea Sebele

Liindasteri tse ngata li itšetlehile ka litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka nako ea sebele moo ts'ebetso e lokelang ho etsahala ka nako e behiloeng e tiileng:

• Mekhoa e Boima ea Nako ea 'Nete – Mehlala e kenyeletsa litsamaiso tsa ho laola mekotla ea moea, litsamaiso tsa ho thibela ho notlela ha li-brake (ABS), le li-pacemaker, moo esita le metsotsoana e menyenyane ea tieho e ka lebisang ho hloleheng.

• Mekhoa e bonolo ea nako ea sebele – E fumaneha ho libapali tsa multimedia, litsamaiso tsa boithabiso ba infotainment, le lisebelisoa tsa ho beha leihlo indastering, moo tieho e mamellehang empa e ntse e fokotseha.

C. Matla le Botšepehi

Likhomphutha tse kenelletseng indastering hangata li kenngoa ka har'a tikoloho e thata ka mocheso o feteletseng, ho thothomela le lerōle. Ho boloka botšepehi, li na le ho pholisa ntle le fene, polokelo ea boemo bo tiileng, ho koahela ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le mamello e pharaletseng ea mochesoBophelo bo bolelele le bona bo bohlokoa; liindasteri tse ngata li lebeletse Metsotso ea bophelo ea lilemo tse 10+ bakeng sa lisebelisoa ntle le tšitiso.

D. Mehopolo ea Tšireletso

Ka ho phahama ha litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang ka hare ho IoT, boiketsetso ba likoloi le indasteri, tshireletso ya inthanete e se e le ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa moralong. Likarolo tse kang ho qalisa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, ho encryption ea hardware, le ho lemoha ho kenella ha lintho e ntse e eketseha ho latela maemo a ho sireletsa meralo ya motheo ya bohlokwa.

Ha re phethela, lik'homphieutha tsa indasteri tse se nang fene moralo ke tekano e bonolo ea bokgoni, karabelo ya nako ya sebele, botshepehi bo matla, le tshireletsoLithibelo tsena li hlalosa kamoo litsamaiso tse kenelletseng li matlafatsang ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha ho liroboto tsa fektheri ho lisebelisoa tsa bongaka ka ho nepahala le ho tšepahala.

V. Software le Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso

The lera la software ke sona se fetolang khomphutha e kentsweng ho tloha ho hardware e bonolo ho ea ho sistimi e sebetsang le e bohlale. Hore na o tsamaisa firmware e thehiloeng ho microcontroller kapa e tletseng sistimi e sebetsang e kentsoeng, software e hlalosa tshebetso, botshepehi, le ho tenyetsehaHo khetha sethala se nepahetseng ho bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso ho othomathike ea indasteri, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, polokeho ea likoloi, le tikoloho ea IoT.

A. Firmware le Software e Kenngoeng

Bakeng sa ba bangata litsamaiso tse kenelletseng tse ikemetseng, motheo ke firmware—mananeo a bobebe a bolokiloeng ho ROM kapa memori ea FlashE ngotsoe ka C, C++, kapa kopano, firmware e netefatsa phethahatso e tiileng le botsitso ba nako e telele. Mehlala e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa mokhoa oa ho laola a potoloho ea mochini o hlatsoang liaparo, e sistimi ea ho kenya peterole ka koloing, kapa mokhoa oa ho boloka nako ka har'a pacemakerHobane litsamaiso tsena hangata li sebetsa lilemo tse ngata ntle le lintlafatso, firmware e tlameha ho ba e sebetsang hantle, e sireletsehileng, 'me e tšepahala haholo.

B. Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso e Kenyelelitsoeng

Ha lits'ebetso li hloka ho rarahana ho hoholo, sistimi e sebetsang e kentsoeng (OS) e kena tšebetsong:

• Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso ea Nako ea Sebele (RTOS): Li-platform tse kang FreeRTOS, VxWorks, le QNX nolofalletsa taolo e thata ea nako ea sebele bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa lifofane, litsamaiso tsa ho thiba likoloi, le liroboto tsa indasteri.

• Linux e Kenyelelitsoeng: Tharollo e tenyetsehang le e ka atolosoang bakeng sa litsamaiso tse kentsoeng marang-rang, liheke tsa IoT, le likhomphutha tsa indasteri, ka meaho e tsebahalang joalo ka Yocto, Buildroot, le OpenWrt.

• Android bakeng sa Litsamaiso tse Kenngoeng: E sebelisoa ho matšoao a dijithale, di-kiosk, le ditsamaiso tsa boithabiso ba infotainment, ho fana ka sebopeho se ruileng sa mosebelisi le tikoloho ea lisebelisoa.

• Windows Embedded / WinCE: E ntse e le teng li-terminal tsa khale tse tšoaroang ka letsoho le lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, e tsebahalang ka eona tšehetso ea nako e telele.

C. Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa tsa ho Nahana

Khetho ea OS e kentsweng ho itshetlehile ka:

• Karabelo ea nako ea sebele khahlano le ho tenyetseha ha morero ka kakaretso.

• Litlhoko tsa khokahano joalo ka Bese ea Ethernet, Wi-Fi, kapa CAN.

• Lisetifikeiti tsa tshireletso le polokeho bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse bohlokoa ka sepheo.

Ka bokhutšoane, software e hlalosa bohlale ba khomphutha e kentsweng, ebang ke ka bonolo ba firmware kapa ho tenyetseha ha Li-platform tsa RTOS le tse kentsoeng tsa Linux.

VII. Mekhoa le Litaelo tsa Nakong e Tlang

Tšimo ea lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng e fetoha ka potlako, e susumetsoa ke tsoelo-pele ho IoT, khomphutha e ka thoko, le bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI)Ha liindasteri li hloka ho feta boiketsetso, khokahano, le bokgoni, bokamoso ba litsamaiso tse kentsoeng bo tla shebana le litharollo tse bohlale, tse potlakileng le tse sireletsehileng haholoanyane.

A. AI e Moeling

E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke ho kopanngoa ha AI le ho ithuta ka mochini ka ho toba ho Likhomphutha tse kenelletseng le liforomo tsa sistimi e holim'a chip (SoC)Ho ena le ho romela data lerung, bohale ba AI e dumella ho etsa diqeto ka nako ya sebele sebakeng seo. Mohlala:

• Liroboto tsa indasteri ba nang le litsamaiso tsa pono tse tsamaisoang ke AI ba ka lemoha mefokolo ea sehlahisoa hang-hang.

• Likoloi tse ikemetseng sebelisa li-GPU tse kentsoeng le li-NPU bakeng sa ho lemoha setšoantšo ka nako ea sebele.

• Lik'hamera tse bohlale le Liheke tsa IoT tsamaisa tlhahlobo sebakeng sa heno, o fokotsa ho lieha le ho ntlafatsa lekunutu.

Phetoho ena e fetola disebediswa tse kentsweng hore e be li-platform tse bohlale tsa k'homphieutha tse ka pele.

B. Bokgoni ba ho Boloka Matla le ho Tsitsisa

Ka disebediswa tse dibilione tse sebedisitsweng lefatsheng ka bophara, moralo o nang le matla a tlase Ha e sa le boikhethelo. Bahlahisi ba amohela:

• Tsamaiso ea matla a matla ho eketsa bophelo ba betri.

• Meralo ea ho pholisa e se nang fan bakeng sa tikoloho e thata.

• Mekhoa e tala e kenelletseng tse fokotsang tšebeliso ea matla ho litsi tsa data, lifeme le matlo a bohlale.

Bokgoni ba eneji bo tla dula e le thibelo ya mantlha ya moralo ho lintho tse aparoang, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, le li-sensor tsa IoT.

C. Khokahano le Khokahano ea IoT

Ho kopana ha IoT le khomphutha e kentsoeng e hlahisa tse ling hape litsamaiso tse kentsoeng ka marang-rang ho feta leha e le neng pele. Dithuso tsa bohlokwa di kenyeletsa:

• Khokahano ea 5G bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa lateness tse tlase haholo.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi 6, le bese ea CAN kopanyo ho othomathike ea indasteri.

• Li-platform tse kentsoeng tse tsoang marung tse hokahanang ka mokhoa o se nang mathata le maru a Azure, AWS, kapa maru a poraefete a moeli.

Ha re phethelabokamoso ba lik'homphieutha tse kentsoeng ho tsoa hoe etellang pele moetsi oa khomphutha e kentsoeng e lutse ho kopanngoa ha AI e haufi, moralo o bolokang matla, le khokahano ea IoT. Liphetolelo tsena li tla atolosa karolo ea tsona ho lifeme tse bohlale, lipalangoang tse ikemetseng, theknoloji ea bongaka, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki ba moloko o latelang.

Khothaletsa ho Bala: