Imizekelo engama-20 yokwenyani yeekhompyutha ezifakiweyo eziguqula ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye noshishino

I. Intshayelelo

I-An ikhompyutha efakiweyo yinkqubo yekhompyutha ekhethekileyo eyenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwisixhobo okanye usetyenziso olukhulu. Ngokungafaniyo ne- ikhompyutha esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengelaptop okanye idesktop, inkqubo efakwe ngaphakathi yenzelwe umsebenzi othile, edla ngokusebenza phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo Ukutya umbane, ubungakanani, ixabisokunye ukusebenza ngexesha langempelaEzi nkqubo zihlala zakhiwe ngokujikeleze ii-microcontrollers, iiprosesa ezincinciokanye inkqubo-kwi-chip (i-SoC) uyilo lwezakhiwo, oludibanisa zombini izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nesoftware kwisisombululo esinye esincinci.

I imbali yeekhompyutha ezifakiweyo iqala kwiminyaka yoo-1960, inemizekelo yokuqala efana ne-Apollo Guidance Computer esetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yasesibhakabhakeni ye-NASA. Ukusukela ngoko, eli candelo liye laguquka kakhulu, livumela iiPC ezifakiweyo, iikhompyutha zebhodi enye (ii-SBC) njenge I-Raspberry Pi kwaye Ibhodi yeBeagle, kwaye akunakubalwa Izixhobo ze-IoT loo mandla kwihlabathi elidibeneyo lanamhlanje. Ukusuka iiyunithi zokulawula iinjini zeemoto (ii-ECU) ukuya izixhobo zonyango zokuncedisa ekulawuleni isantya sentliziyo, kwaye ukusuka iirobhothi zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kwimizi-mveliso ukuya iinkqubo zeempawu zedijithali, iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo ziye zaba yintsika ethuleyo yobuchwepheshe banamhlanje.

Ukubaluleka ko iinkqubo ezifakiweyo zixhomekeke ekubeni zifumaneka phi na kwaye ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Zifumaneka izixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo, oomatshini bokuhlamba impahla, kunye neewashi ezikrelekrele, kunye nakwi izicelo ezibalulekileyo njenge izithuthi ezizimelayo, imigca yefektri ezenzekelayokunye izixhobo zempiloUyilo lwazo ludla ngokubandakanya iinkqubo zokusebenza ezifakiweyo (i-RTOS, i-Embedded Linux, okanye iinguqulelo ze-Android), ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo nokuqikelelwayo.

Eli nqaku libonelela ngophando olupheleleyo lwe imizekelo yeekhompyutha ezifakiweyo, egubungela izixhobo zabathengi, iinkqubo zoshishino, izixhobo zonyango, iteknoloji yeemoto, kunye nezisombululo ze-IoTSiza kuhlola neempawu zabo uyilo lwehardware, amaqonga esoftware, iimpawu zoyilo, kunye neendlela zexesha elizayoEkugqibeleni, abafundi baya kuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi nkqubo, apho zisetyenziswa khona, kunye nesizathu sokuba zibalulekile ekubumbeni amashishini kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

II. Iindidi zeeKhompyutha eziFakiweyo

Iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo zinokuguquguquka kakhulu, kodwa uyilo lwazo kunye nokusasazwa kwazo zinokuhlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezicacileyo. Ukuqonda olu hlobo lokwahlulahlula kubalulekile kwiinjineli, iingcali ze-IT, kunye namashishini avavanyayo izisombululo zePC ezifakiweyoEzi nkqubo zihlala zicwangciswa yi ifom factor kunye noyilo kwelinye icala, kwaye ukusebenza kunye nokukwazi ukunxibelelana kwelinye icala.

A. NgokweFom Factor / Uyilo lwezakhiwo

1. Iikhompyutha ezifakwe kwiSystem-on-Chip (SoC)

A I-System-on-Chip (SoC) idibanisa I-CPU, imemori, abalawuli be-I/O, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nee-GPU ibe yiphakheji enye yesilicon. Olu lwakhiwo lubaluleke kakhulu incinci, igcina amandla kakuhle, kwaye ingabizi kakhuluUyilo lweSoC lufumaneka kwi ii-smartphones, izixhobo ze-IoT, ii-smartwatches, kunye neenkqubo zeempawu zedijithali, apho ukusebenza kufuneka kulungelelaniswe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsiUyilo lwazo oluzimeleyo luzenza zilungele izixhobo ze-elektroniki eziphathekayo nezisetyenziswa ngabathengi apho indawo incinci khona.

2. IiPC ezifakwe kwiSocket okanye kwiModular Embedded

Iikhompyutha ezifakwe kwisokhethi zenzelwe ukuguquguquka kunye nokwenza ngokwezifisoNgokungafaniyo neeSoC, Iimodyuli zeCPU kunye nememori ingahlaziywa rhoqo, nto leyo eyandisa ubomi bemveliso oomatshini abasebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwimizi-mveliso, iirobhothi, iikhiyoski, kunye nezixhobo zokwenza imifanekiso yezonyangoZibonisa iindawo zokwandisa kunye neenketho ezininzi ze-I/O, exhasa izixhobo eziphambili ezifana Izikhawulezisi zeGPU, i-Ethernet ekhawulezayo, kunye neendawo zokunxibelelana ngeebhasi zeCANEzi nkqubo zikhethwa xa ukwandiswa kokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide zibalulekile.

3. Iikhompyutha zeBhodi enye (ii-SBC)

Iikhompyutha zebhodi enye (ii-SBC) njenge I-Raspberry Pi, iBeagleBoard, kunye neArduino dibanisa zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo kwibhodi yesekethe encinci. Zibonelela ngokulinganisela phakathi ukufikeleleka kunye nokusebenza, nto leyo eyenza ukuba bathandwe ngabantu imfundo, iprototyping, iisango ze-IoT, kunye nolawulo olukhanyayo lwemizi-mveliso. Iikhompyutha zebhodi enye ze-SBC ziyakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: eklasini, zifundisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo; kumashishini, zibonelela ulawulo oluzenzekelayo olungabizi kakhulu okanye imisebenzi yekhompyutha esemaphethelweniUkuthandwa kwabo kuvela kuluntu olukhulu lwabaphuhlisi kunye nenkxaso ebanzi ye-OS, kuquka I-Linux kunye ne-Android ezifakiweyo.

B. Ngokusebenza/Ubuchule beNethiwekhi

1. Iinkqubo eziZimeleyo zodwa eziFakelweyo

A inkqubo ezimeleyo efakiweyo yakhelwe ukwenza into enye umsebenzi ozinikeleyo ngaphandle konxibelelwano lwangaphandle. Imizekelo ibandakanya izilawuli ze-microwave, iikhalkhuleyitha, okanye iibhodi zelogic zomatshini wokuhlamba impahlaIzixhobo zabo zekhompyutha kunye ne-firmware zilungiselelwe kakuhle ukuthembeka, ukulula, kunye neendleko. Ezi nkqubo zigxininisa ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo ngaphakathi kweendawo ezivaliweyo.

2. Iinkqubo ezifakwe kwiXesha langempela (ezisekelwe kwi-RTOS)

Amanye amashishini awakwazi ukunyamezela ukulibaziseka. Iinkqubo ezifakwe kwi-real-time (RTOS) qinisekisa ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo nokuqikelelwayo ngokuphendula kwiimpawu zokufaka ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana emincinci. Ezi nkqubo zinamandla ulawulo lokhuseleko lweemoto njenge iinkqubo zokuqhobosha ezithintela ukutshixa (i-ABS), iingxowa zomoyakunye iiyunithi zokulawula iinjini (ii-ECU), njengo izixhobo zonyango njenge izixhobo zokunciphisa isantya sentliziyo okanye izixhobo zokunciphisa iifibrillatoriiplatifomu zeRTOS ezifana I-VxWorks, i-QNX, okanye i-Embedded Linux ene-PREEMPT_RT patches zamkelwe ngokubanzi kwi i-aerospace, ukhuselo, kunye neerobhothi zoshishino.

3. Iinkqubo eziFakelweyo kwiNethiwekhi

Kwiminyaka IoT kunye nekhompyutha yomda, iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi ziyanda. Ezi nkqubo zinezixhobo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi Uqhagamshelo lwe-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-Zigbee, okanye iselfowuni, ebavumela ukuba banxibelelane namaqonga efu, iiseva, kunye nezinye izixhobo. Imizekelo ibandakanya oomatshini bokuthengisa abakrelekrele, izinzwa zoshishino, amasango e-IoT, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko eziqhagamshelweyoNgokudibanisa ukujonga kude kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha, banika amandla ukugcinwa kwangaphambili kwimizi-mveliso, ulawulo lweenqwelo-mafutha kwezothuthokunye ukulungiswa kwamandla kwiigridi ezikrelekrele.

Isishwankathelo

I iindidi ze iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo bonisa ulwahluko lwale ntsimi. Kwicala loyilo lwezakhiwo, sibona Uyilo olusekwe kwiSoC lokusebenza kakuhle, iiPC zemodyuli zesokhethi zokwandisa ubungakananikunye Ii-SBC zokuguquguquka nokufikeleleka lulaKwicala lokusebenza, kukho iinkqubo ezizimeleyo ukuthembeka okugxile, iinkqubo zexesha langempela kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko, kunye iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi ukunika amandla Uguquko lwe-IoT.

Ngokuhlela ngokweendidi iikhompyutha ezifakwe kwimizi-mveliso Ngale ndlela, abenzi bezigqibo banokulungelelanisa ngcono itekhnoloji neemfuno zabo—nokuba Inzwa ye-IoT engabizi kakhulu, a iPC yemizi-mveliso esebenza kakuhle, okanye isilawuli sexesha langempela seenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi.

III. Imizekelo Yokwenyani KwiiDomains Zonke

Ixabiso lokwenyani le- ikhompyutha efakiweyo kuyacaca xa sihlola indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kumashishini onke. izixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi ukuya iinkqubo ze-automation zoshishino, ezempilo, iimoto, kunye ne-IoTiikhompyutha ezifakiweyo zibonelela ukusebenza okuthembekileyo, okujoliswe kumsebenzi othile oluxhomekeke kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Apha ngezantsi kukho imizekelo esebenzayo ebonisa ukufikelela kwabo.

A. Izixhobo zabathengi

Kwi icandelo le-elektroniki labathengi, iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo azibonakali phantse, kodwa zichaza amava omsebenzisi.

• 
  Iifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neeThebhulethi - Ixhaswa yi-advanced iiprosesa zenkqubo-kwi-chip (SoC), baphatha yonke into ukusuka ukucutshungulwa komfanekiso wekhamera ukuya uqhagamshelo lwenethiwekhi.
  
  

• Izixhobo zasekhaya – Oomatshini bokuhlamba impahla, iifriji, kunye nee-oveni ze-microwave zixhomekeke kuzo ii-microcontrollers ukulawula iimoto, izibali-xesha, kunye neendlela zokhuseleko.

• Iikhamera zeDijithali kunye neeConsoles zemidlalo – Aba baqesha iikhompyutha zebhodi enye (ii-SBC) ukulinganisela amandla okucubungula, uyilo oluncinci, kunye impendulo yexesha langempela.

• Izinto ezinxitywayo - Iiwotshi ezikrelekrele kunye neendlela zokulandelela impilo ziyadityaniswa iinkqubo ezifakwe ngaphakathi ezinamandla aphantsi ezilandelela iibhayometriki, zisebenzisa ii-apps, kwaye ziqhagamshela ngaphandle komthungo ngeBluetooth okanye iWi-Fi.

Apha, kugxininiswa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, i-compact form factor, kunye nokufikeleleka ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza okubonakalayo.

B. Iinkqubo zeMizi-mveliso nezoRhwebo

Kwi ihlabathi lemizi-mvelisoiikhompyutha ezifakiweyo zibalulekile ukuzenzekela kunye nokuthembeka.

• 
  Ukuzenzekelayo kweFektri – Iikhompyutha zemizi-mveliso Iikhabhathi zolawulo ezifakwe kwiikhabhathi zilawula iinkqubo zokuhambisa, iingalo zerobhothi, kunye nemigca yemveliso enexesha elimiselweyo.

• Iirobhothi zeShishini – Ixhotyiswe nge Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezifakwe ngexesha langempela (RTOS), ezi khompyutha zilawula ukuchaneka kwentshukumo, iindlela zokhuseleko zokuvala, kunye neenkqubo zokubona koomatshini.

• IiKiosks kunye nee-ATM – IiPC ezifakiweyo zibonelela ngokusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokuqhubekayo iinkqubo zokuzihlawula, oomatshini bokuthengisa, kunye neetheminali zebhanki, idla ngokuba nezixhobo eziqinileyo zokusebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisi-7 ngosuku.

• Amandla kunye nezixhobo eziluncedo – Iimitha ezikrelekrele, abalawuli begridi, kunye Izikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV sebenzisa abalawuli abafakelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokubeka esweni.

Eyona nto iphambili apha uyilo oluqinileyo, ukwandiswa, kunye nemijikelo yobomi obude, njengoko ixesha lokungasebenzi lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imveliso kunye nenzuzo.

C. Iimoto kunye nokuThuthwa

Ishishini leemoto lilinye lawona bathengi baninzi betekhnoloji ehlanganisiweyo.

• 
  Iiyunithi zoLawulo lweeNjini (ii-ECU) – La balawuli abafakiweyo balawula ukufakwa kwamafutha, ixesha lokutsha, kunye nokukhutshwa komoya, beqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yehlabathi.

• Iinkqubo zoKhuseleko – Izilawuli ze-airbag, iinkqubo zokuqhobosha ezithintela ukutshixa (i-ABS), kunye nolawulo lokuhamba ngenqanawa oluhambelanayo bonke baxhomekeke ku iikhompyutha ezifakwe ngexesha langempela.

• Ukuzonwabisa kunye nokuHamba – Iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo zinika amandla izibonisi ezingaphakathi emotweni, iiGPS, kunye neenkqubo zemultimedia, zihlala zisebenza ngokwezifiso I-Linux efakiweyo amaqonga.

• Ukuqhuba Ngokuzimeleyo - Iimoto zanamhlanje zidibanisa ezininzi iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi yokwenza izigqibo nge-lidar, i-radar, kunye ne-AI.

Apha, ukhuseleko, ukuthembeka, kunye nempendulo eqinisekileyo zibalulekile, zenza I-RTOS kunye noyilo olungafunekiyo olufakwe ngaphakathi kubalulekile.

D. Izixhobo zonyango kunye nezeMpilo

Iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo zikwavumela ukuchaneka iteknoloji yezonyango.

• 
  Iipacemakers kunye neempompo ze-insulin – Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-microcontroller zibonelela ngemisebenzi exhasa ubomi ngamandla aphantsi kakhulu kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu.

• Izixhobo Zokufota - Izixhobo ezifana noomatshini be-ultrasound kunye neenkqubo ze-MRI ziyasetyenziswa iiPC ezifakwe kwi-intanethi ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ukuze kuboniswe imifanekiso ngexesha langempela.

• Izixhobo zonyango ezinxitywayo - Izixhobo zokujonga intliziyo kunye nezixhobo zokuxilonga zisetyenziswa kakhulu uqhagamshelo lwe-IoT olufakwe ngaphakathi ukuze kujongwe isigulane sikude.

Iimfuno zecandelo lezempilo iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphantsi, kunye nokusebenza okuqinisekileyo ngexesha langempela ukukhusela ubomi bezigulane.

E. IoT kunye neeNkqubo ezikrelekrele

Ukunyuka kwe IoT kunye nekhompyutha yomda iwandisile amathuba eekhompyutha ezifakiweyo:

• 
  IiSango ze-IoT – Ifomu encinci iiPC ezifakiweyo qokelela idatha evela kwiisensa ezininzi uze uyithumele ngokukhuselekileyo efini.

• Izakhiwo Ezikrelekrele – Izibane, i-HVAC, kunye neenkqubo ze-alamu yomlilo zisebenza abalawuli abafakelwe kwinethiwekhi.

• Iidrone kunye neenkqubo zokujonga - Iinkqubo ezifakiweyo zilawula izinzwa, ukuzinzisa, kunye nokusasazwa kwedatha ngaphakathi iindawo zexesha langempela.

Kwezi meko, unxibelelwano yeyona nto ibalulekileyo, Ii-interface zebhasi ze-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi, i-5G, kunye ne-CAN ukuvumela ukutshintshiselana kwedatha ngexesha langempela.

IV. Izixhobo zeHardware kunye noYilo lweZakhiwo

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo yonke ikhompyutha efakiweyo kukho umxube owenziwe ngobuchule wezixhobo zehardware kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo neePC ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ezi nkqubo zilungiselelwe ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza ngokwemisebenzi ethileUkuqonda izinto ezakhayo—ii-microcontrollers, ii-microprocessors, imemori, kunye nee-peripheral interfaces—ibalulekile xa kuvavanywa izisombululo ze ukuzenzekela kwemizi-mveliso, izixhobo ze-IoT, okanye iinkqubo zonyango.

A. Ii-Microcontrollers vs. Ii-Microprocessors kunye nee-SoCs

• Ii-Microcontrollers (ii-MCU): Iitships ezincinci, ezingabizi kakhulu ezidibanisayo I-CPU, i-RAM, i-Flash storage, kunye nee-peripherals ze-I/O. Kuqhelekile kwi izixhobo, izinzwa, iikhalkhuleyitha, kunye nezilawuli zeemoto, ii-MCU zilungele kakhulu iinkqubo ezizimeleyo ezifakiweyo.

• IiMicroprocessors (iiMPU): Zenzelwe ukusebenza okuphezulu, ezi prosesa zifuna imemori yangaphandle kunye nenkxaso iinkqubo zokusebenza ezinzima njenge I-Linux okanye i-Android efakiweyoZifumaneka kwi iiPC zoshishino, imiqondiso yedijithali, kunye nokuzonwabisa ngolwazi ngaphakathi emotweni.

• Inkqubo-kwi-Chip (SoC): Idibanisa ezona zinto zibalaseleyo kuzo zombini ihlabathi, idibanisa Iimodyuli zeCPU, GPU, kunye noqhagamshelo kwitshiphu enye. IiSoC zilawula ii-smartphones, ii-IoT gateways, kunye namaqonga e-edge computing ngenxa yabo ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye noxinano lokudibanisa.

B. Unxibelelwano lwePeripheral kunye noQhagamshelo

Iinkqubo ezifakiweyo zixhomekeke kwiintlobo ngeentlobo Ii-interface ze-I/O ukuqhagamshela izinzwa, ii-actuators, kunye neenethiwekhi:

• I-GPIO, i-UART, i-I²C, kunye ne-SPI ulawulo oluphantsi.

• Ibhasi ye-CAN kwiinkqubo zeemoto.

• I-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi, kunye ne-Bluetooth ngenxa iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi.

• I-USB kunye ne-PCIe yokwandiswa kwe-peripheral kwi iiPC ezifakwe kwimizi-mveliso.

Ezi ndawo zonxibelelwano ziqinisekisa ukuguquguquka oomatshini abasebenza ngokuzenzekelayo efektri, iirobhothi, kunye neenkqubo ze-IoT.

C. Iinketho zeMemori kunye noGcino

Ukhetho lwememori luchaphazela ukusabela kwenkqubo kunye nokuzinza kwayo:

• I-ROM/Ifleshi – kwi-firmware kunye nee-bootloaders.

• I-SRAM/I-DRAM – kwimisebenzi yekhompyutha yexesha langempela.

• I-EEPROM kunye ne-eMMC – indawo yokugcina idatha ebalulekileyo ehlala ixesha elide, engaguqukiyo.

Ngaphakathi izicelo ezibalulekileyo kumsebenzi njenge imifanekiso yezonyango okanye i-aerospace, ukuthembeka kwememori kubaluleke kakhulu njengokusebenza okuluhlaza.

Isishwankathelo, ibhalansi yoyilo lwezixhobo zekhompyutha ezifakiweyo ukusebenza, ubungakanani, iindleko, kunye noqhagamsheloNokuba usebenzisa i-microcontroller ye-node yesensa okanye I-SoC yesixhobo esikrelekrele, la macandelo achaza amandla enkqubo kunye nokuthembeka kwayo ixesha elide.

V. Isoftware kunye neenkqubo zokuSebenza

Ngelixa izixhobo zekhompyutha ichaza amandla omzimba e- ikhompyutha efakiweyo, yiyo le isoftware kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ezimisela indlela inkqubo eziphatha ngayo, esebenzisana ngayo, nephendula ngayo. i-firmware esebenza kwi-microcontrollers ukuya iinkqubo zokusebenza ezifakwe ngokupheleleyo Kwiikhompyutha zoshishino, umaleko wesoftware yiwo owenza ezi nkqubo zibe krelekrele kwaye zisebenze ngokwenene.

A. I-Firmware kunye neSoftware efakiweyo

Uninzi iinkqubo ezisekwe kulawulo oluncinci baleka i-firmware, inkqubo elula egcinwe kwi I-ROM okanye imemori yeFlashLe software idla ngokubhalwa nge- Ulwimi lwe-C okanye lwendibano, elungiselelwe isantya kunye nobukhulu. Imizekelo ibandakanya ingqiqo yolawulo kwi imeshini yovasa Impahla, i inkqubo yokufaka ipetroli emotweniokanye i-algorithm yokhuseleko kwi-pacemaker. I-Firmware yenzelwe ukuba izinzile, iqinisekile, kwaye iyamelana nokusilela, kuba izicelo ezininzi zifuna iminyaka yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

B. Iinkqubo zokuSebenza eziFakiweyo

Kwimisebenzi enzima ngakumbi, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezifakiweyo (OS) ukubonelela ngendawo ehlelekileyo:

• 
  Iinkqubo Zokusebenza Zexesha Langempela (i-RTOS): Amaqonga afana I-VxWorks, i-QNX, kunye ne-FreeRTOS hambisa amaxesha okuphendula aqinisekileyo, kubaluleke kakhulu iinkqubo zokhuseleko lweemoto, usetyenziso lweenqwelo-moya, kunye neerobhothi zoshishino.

• I-Linux Efakelweyo: Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi, ii-IoT gateways, kunye neePC ze-automation zoshishino, enika ukuguquguquka, ukwandiswa, kunye nenkxaso enamandla kuluntu. Ukusasazwa okufana I-Yocto, i-Buildroot, kunye ne-OpenWrt vumela ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso.

• Iinguqulelo ze-Android: Yenzelwe wena I-Android OS isasazwa ngakumbi kwi imiqondiso yedijithali, ii-kiosk, kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa, ngenxa yayo ujongano olutyebileyo lwemizobo kunye nenkqubo yendalo yesicelo.

• I-Windows Embedded / WinCE: Nangona ingasetyenziswa kangako namhlanje, isasetyenziswa kakhulu ii-kiosk ezindala, ii-terminals eziphathwayo, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.

C. Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele kwiSoftware

Ukhetho lwe i-OS efakiweyo ixhomekeke ku:

• Iimfuno zexesha langempela (i-RTOS eqinileyo xa ithelekiswa ne-RTOS ethambileyo).

• Iimfuno zoqhagamshelo (I-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi, ibhasi ye-CAN).

• Ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka (ibaluleke kakhulu kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nolawulo lwemizi-mveliso).

Kwimeko, umaleko wesoftware uguqula ikhompyutha efakiweyo ukusuka kwi-silicon eluhlaza ukuya kwi- inkqubo eyakhelwe injongo ethile nethembekileyo—uyakwazi ukuxhasa yonke into Izixhobo ze-IoT ukuya ulawulo lweenqwelo-moya olubaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi.

VI. Iimpawu kunye neMiqathango yoYilo

Ukuyila i ikhompyutha efakiweyo kubandakanya ukulinganisela izinto ezininzi imida ngelixa ihlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kwesicelo sayo. Ngokungafaniyo neekhompyutha ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, iinkqubo ezifakiweyo kufuneka zisebenze phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo amandla, ubungakanani, iindleko, kunye neemfuno zexesha langempela, ngelixa ikwaqinisekisa ukomelela, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuthembeka.

A. Amandla, Ubungakanani, kunye neXabiso

• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Izixhobo ezininzi ezifakiweyo, ezifana Izinzwa ze-IoT, izinto zokufakelwa kwezonyango, kunye nezinto ezinxitywayo, isebenza ngamandla ebhetri alinganiselweyo. Izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nesoftware zilungiselelwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ulawulo lwamandla aguqukayo kwaye iiSoCs ze-voltage ephantsi.

• Ifomu eNcinci: Izicelo ezifana ii-ECU zeemoto, abalawuli beempawu zedijithali, kunye namasango emizi-mveliso zifuna iinkqubo ezinokungena kwiindawo ezixineneyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza.

• Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko: Imveliso enkulu ye izixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi njengeemfuno zoomatshini bokuhlamba okanye iikhalkhuleyitha ii-microcontrollers ezifakwe ngexabiso eliphantsi ezisazisa ukuthembeka.

B. Imiqobo Yexesha Langempela

Amashishini amaninzi axhomekeke iinkqubo ezifakwe ngexesha langempela apho ukucutshungulwa kufuneka kwenzeke ngexesha elibekiweyo elingqongqo:

• Iinkqubo zeXesha langempela ezinzima – Imizekelo ibandakanya izilawuli zee-airbag, iinkqubo zokuqhobosha ezichasene nokutshixa (i-ABS), kunye nee-pacemakers, apho nemizuzwana emincinci yokulibaziseka inokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini.

• Iinkqubo ezithambileyo zeXesha langempela – Ifumaneka kwi abadlali bemultimedia, iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa, kunye nezixhobo zokubeka esweni imboni, apho ukulibaziseka kuyanyamezeleka kodwa kusancitshiswa.

C. Ukuqina kunye nokuthembeka

IiPC ezifakwe kwimizi-mveliso zihlala zisetyenziswa iindawo ezinzima ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukungcangcazela, kunye nothuli. Ukuze zihlale zithembekile, zibonisa ukupholisa okungenafeni, ukugcinwa kwesimo esiqinileyo, ukufakelwa okucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokunyamezela ubushushu obubanziUbomi obude bubalulekile; amashishini amaninzi alindele ukuba Imijikelo yobomi beminyaka eli-10+ yezixhobo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

D. Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kukhuseleko

Ngokunyuka kwe iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi ngaphakathi IoT, iimoto, kunye nokuzisebenzela kwemizi-mveliso, ukhuseleko lwe-intanethi iye yaba yinto ephambili kuyilo. Iimpawu ezifana ukuqalisa okukhuselekileyo, ukubethela izixhobo, kunye nokufunyanwa kokungena zikumgangatho ophezulu ngakumbi wokukhusela iziseko ezibalulekileyo.

Ukuququmbela, iikhompyutha zoshishino ezingenafeni uyilo lulungelelwano olubuthathaka ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuphendula ngexesha langempela, ukuthembeka okuqinileyo, kunye nokhuselekoLe miqobo ichaza indlela iinkqubo ezifakwe ngaphakathi ezinika amandla ngayo yonke into ukusuka iirobhothi zomzi-mveliso ukuya izixhobo zonyango ngobuchule nangokuthembekileyo.

V. Isoftware kunye neenkqubo zokuSebenza

I umaleko wesoftware yinto eguqula ikhompyutha efakiweyo ukusuka kwizixhobo ezilula ukuya kwinkqubo esebenzayo nekrelekrele. Nokuba usebenzisa i-firmware esekelwe kwi-microcontroller okanye i-full inkqubo yokusebenza efakiweyo, isoftware ichaza ukusebenza, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuguquguqukaUkukhetha iqonga elifanelekileyo kubalulekile kwizicelo ezikhoyo ukuzenzekela kwemizi-mveliso, izixhobo zonyango, ukhuseleko lweemoto, kunye neenkqubo ze-IoT.

A. I-Firmware kunye neSoftware efakiweyo

Kwabaninzi iinkqubo ezizimeleyo ezifakiweyo, isiseko si i-firmware—iinkqubo ezilula ezigcinwe kwi I-ROM okanye imemori yeFlashIbhalwe ngo C, C++, okanye indibano, i-firmware iyaqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okuqinisekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwexesha elide. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya ingqiqo elawula i- umjikelo womatshini wokuhlamba impahla, i inkqubo yokufaka ipetroli emotweniokanye indlela yokulinganisa ixesha kwi-pacemakerNgenxa yokuba ezi nkqubo zihlala zisebenza iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kohlaziyo, i-firmware kufuneka ibe isebenza kakuhle, ikhuselekile, kwaye ithembeke kakhulu.

B. Iinkqubo zokuSebenza eziFakiweyo

Xa izicelo zifuna ubunzima obukhulu, inkqubo yokusebenza efakiweyo (i-OS) iyasebenza:

• Iinkqubo Zokusebenza Zexesha Langempela (i-RTOS): Amaqonga afana I-FreeRTOS, i-VxWorks, kunye ne-QNX vumela ulawulo olunzima lwexesha langempela ngenxa i-aerospace, iinkqubo zokuqhobosha iimoto, kunye neerobhothi zoshishino.

• I-Linux Efakelweyo: Isisombululo esiguquguqukayo nesinokwandiswa iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi, ii-IoT gateways, kunye neePC zoshishino, kunye nokwakhiwa okudumileyo okufana I-Yocto, i-Buildroot, kunye ne-OpenWrt.

• I-Android yeeNkqubo eziFakiweyo: Isetyenziswa kwi imiqondiso yedijithali, ii-kiosk, kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa, enika ujongano lomsebenzisi olutyebileyo kwaye inkqubo yendalo ye-app.

• I-Windows Embedded / WinCE: Ndisekhona e iiterminals eziphathwa ngesandla zakudala kunye nezixhobo zonyango, eyaziwa ngokuba inkxaso yexesha elide.

C. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

Ukhetho lwe i-OS efakiweyo ixhomekeke ku:

• Ukuphendula ngexesha langempela ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwenjongo ngokubanzi.

• Iimfuno zoqhagamshelo njenge Ibhasi ye-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi, okanye i-CAN.

• Iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko nokhuseleko ngenxa izicelo ezibalulekileyo kumsebenzi.

Kufuphi, isoftware ichaza ubukrelekrele be ikhompyutha efakiweyonokuba ngokusebenzisa ukulula kwe-firmware okanye ukuguquguquka kwe Iiplatifomu ze-RTOS kunye ne-Embedded Linux.

VII. Iindlela kunye neMigqaliselo yexesha elizayo

Intsimi ye iikhompyutha ezifakiweyo iguquka ngokukhawuleza, iqhutywa yinkqubela phambili IoT, i-edge computing, kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI)Njengoko amashishini efuna okungakumbi ukuzenzekela, uqhagamshelo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ikamva leenkqubo ezifakiweyo liza kugxila kwizisombululo ezikrelekrele, ezikhawulezayo, nezikhuselekileyo.

A. I-AI emphethweni

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo kukuhlanganiswa I-AI kunye nokufunda koomatshini ngqo ngaphakathi iiPC ezifakiweyo kwaye amaqonga e-system-on-chip (SoC)Endaweni yokuthumela idatha kwilifu, umphetho we-AI ivumela ukwenziwa kwezigqibo ngexesha langempela kwindawo. Umzekelo:

• Iirobhothi zoshishino ezixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokubona ezisebenza nge-AI zinokubona iziphene zemveliso ngoko nangoko.

• Izithuthi ezizilawulayo sebenzisa ii-GPU kunye nee-NPU ezifakwe kwi-intanethi ukuqatshelwa komfanekiso ngexesha langempela.

• Iikhamera ezikrelekrele kwaye Amasango e-IoT sebenzisa uhlalutyo lwasekuhlaleni, unciphise ukubambezeleka kwaye uphucule ubumfihlo.

Olu tshintsho luguqula izixhobo ezifakwe ngaphakathi zibe amaqonga ekhompyutha akrelekrele.

B. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokuzinza

Ngezigidigidi zezixhobo ezisasazwa kwihlabathi liphela, uyilo lwamandla aphantsi akusekho mfuneko. Abavelisi bamkela:

• Ulawulo lwamandla aguqukayo ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.

• Uyilo lokupholisa olungenafeni kwiindawo ezirhabaxa.

• Iinkqubo eziluhlaza ezifakwe ngaphakathi ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaziko edatha, iifektri, kunye namakhaya akrelekrele.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kuya kuhlala kungumngcipheko ophambili kuyilo izinto ezinxitywayo, izixhobo zonyango, kunye neenzwa ze-IoT.

C. Ukudibana kwe-IoT kunye noQhagamshelo

Ukudibana kwe IoT kunye nekhompyutha efakiweyo idala okungakumbi iinkqubo ezifakwe kwinethiwekhi kunangaphambili. Izinto eziphambili ezivumela oku ziquka:

• Uqhagamshelo lwe-5G kwizicelo ze-latency ephantsi kakhulu.

• I-Ethernet, i-Wi-Fi 6, kunye nebhasi ye-CAN ukuhlanganiswa kwi ukuzenzekela kwemizi-mveliso.

• Amaqonga afakwe kwi-cloud eziqhagamshela ngaphandle komthungo kwi-Azure, i-AWS, okanye amafu abucala.

Ukuququmbelaikamva le iikhompyutha ezifakwe kwi-ukukhokela umenzi wekhompyutha ofakwe ngaphakathi ilele ekudibaneni kwe I-AI esecaleni, uyilo olusebenzisa amandla kakuhle, kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-IoTEzi zinto zintsha ziya kwandisa indima yazo iifektri ezikrelekrele, uthutho oluzimeleyo, iteknoloji yezonyango, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi besizukulwana esilandelayo.

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