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Kodi ISA Slot ndi chiyani?

2024-08-13 16:29:49

Ine. Chiyambi: Kodi ISA Slot ndi chiyani?

An ISA slot, mwachidule za Industry Standard Architecture slot, ndi mtundu wa kagawo yowonjezera zopezeka kale mavabodi zomwe zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa makhadi owonjezera a hardware. Poyamba idayambitsidwa ndi IBM koyambirira kwa 1980s, mawonekedwe a ISA adakhala a mabasi oyambira mu makompyuta oyambirira aumwini. Zinatenga gawo lofunikira pakupangitsa zida ngati makadi amawu, makadi ochezera a pa intaneti,ndi modemu kulumikiza ndi dongosolo ndi kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi CPU ndi kukumbukira kudzera pa basi system.

Mipata ya ISA inalipo 8-bit pa ndipo kenako 16-bit mitundu, kutengera mavabodi ngakhale. Ngakhale tsopano ilibe ntchito m'ma PC wamba, mipata ya ISA ikupezekabe machitidwe a cholowa ndi ma PC mafakitale kumene chithandizo cha nthawi yaitali ndi kukhazikika kwa hardware ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa liwiro.

Makhalidwe akuluakulu a ISA slots ndi awa:

Kutumiza kwa data kofanana
Kuthamanga kwa mabasi otsika (nthawi zambiri 8 MHz)
Kukonzekera pamanja kudzera ma jumpers kapena masiwichi a DIP
Kugwiritsa ntchito Zithunzi za IRQ ndi Zithunzi za DMA

Masiku ano, kumvetsetsa zomwe ISA slot ndizovuta kwa akatswiri omwe amagwira nawo ntchito machitidwe ophatikizidwa, retro kompyuta, kapena kusamalira zida zodzichitira cholowa. Cholowa chake chikukhalabe pakusintha kwa PCI, PCIe, ndi zina zamakono zamabasi.

II. Chiyambi cha ISA: Mbiri Yachidule

The ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) idayambitsidwa koyamba ndi IBM mu 1981 monga gawo lake IBM PC kupanga. Poyamba adapangidwa ngati 8-bit basi, idathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kofunikira zipangizo zotumphukira monga osindikiza, modemu, ndi zowongolera zosungirako. Mu 1984, ndi kumasulidwa kwa Mtengo wa IBM AT, mulingo wa ISA unawonjezedwa ku a Mtundu wa 16-bit, kukulitsa luso lake lothana ndi zosowa zovuta za hardware ndikutsegula njira kwa zaka khumi zolamulira pakupanga ma PC.

ISA idapangidwa ngati a mapangidwe a mabasi ofanana, pomwe chipangizo chilichonse cholumikizidwa chimalumikizana ndi CPU ndi RAM kudzera mu kupatsidwa I/O ma adilesi, Zithunzi za IRQ,ndi Zithunzi za DMA. Mosiyana ndi malo amakono a pulagi-ndi-sewero, mipata yoyambirira ya ISA imafunikira kasinthidwe kamanja kudzera olumpha kapena Kusintha kwa DIP, kupanga kukhazikitsa njira yaukadaulo kwambiri.

Gome ili m'munsili likufotokozera mwachidule za kusinthika kwa ISA:

Baibulo	Bit Width	Kufotokozera	Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito In
Mmodzi 8-bit	8-bit pa	1981	IBM PC, XT
Mmodzi wa 16-bit	16-bit	1984	IBM AT, 386, 486 ma PC

Kutchuka kwa ISA kudapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azitengera ogulitsa zida zachitatu, kuzikhazikitsa ngati zenizeni kagawo yowonjezera standard mpaka idasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono Mphukira, PCI, ndipo pamapeto pake PCI Express mu 1990s.

III. Mfundo Zaukadaulo za ISA Slots

The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) chinali chinthu chofotokozera za mapangidwe a PC oyambirira, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati oyambirira basi yowonjezera kwa zaka zoposa khumi. Kuti mumvetse bwino malo ake mu mbiri ya hardware, m'pofunika kuthetsa vutoli specifications luso zomwe zimafotokoza mipata ya ISA.

Bit Width ndi Kusamutsa Data

Mipata ya ISA inalipo mumitundu iwiri:

8-bit MMODZI: Imathandizira zolumikizira 62-pini, zokhala ndi kutengerapo kwa data 8.33 MB/s
16-bit MMODZI: Imagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cha pini 98, chopereka maadiresi otalikirapo komanso kutulutsa

Kufotokozera	8-bit MMODZI	16-bit MMODZI
Bus Width	8 biti	16 biti
Zolumikizira Zikhomo	62	98
Liwiro la Wotchi	4.77-8 MHz	8 MHz
Max throughput	~ 5 MB/s	~ 8 MB/s
Adayambitsidwa mu	1981	1984

Njira Zolumikizirana

ISA slots imagwiritsa ntchito kulankhulana kofanana, ndi chipangizo chilichonse chomwe chaperekedwa mwachindunji:

IRQ (Interrupt Request Lines)
Njira za DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Ma Adilesi a I/O Port

Zida izi zidakhazikitsidwa pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito olumpha kapena Kusintha kwa DIP, nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ayang'ane zolemba zamakompyuta. Kusintha kwa bukhuli kungayambitse ku kusamvana kwazinthu, malire ofunika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi amakono Plug-and-Play (PnP) matekinoloje.

Mapangidwe Amagetsi ndi Makina

ISA mipata amadalira 5V chizindikiro
Childs anaika pafupi m'mphepete mwa bolodi
Thandizo kwa utali wonse ndi theka lautali makhadi okulitsa

Ngakhale kuchedwa ndi miyezo yamasiku ano, kuphweka kwa ISA ndi chithandizo chofala kunathandiza kuti ikhale mwala wapangodya pamapangidwe a PC. Ngakhale lero, mafakitale ISA makadi ndi machitidwe apakompyuta a cholowa kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwewa chifukwa chake khalidwe deterministic, mtengo wotsika,ndi nthawi yayitali yothandizira- zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'malo ophatikizidwa ndi mafakitale.

IV. Zida Zomwe Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Mipata ya ISA

Makhadi Omveka
- Yathandizira kutulutsa mawu pama PC oyambirira
- Mitundu ngati Sound Blaster anakhala mayina apabanja
- Anadalira IRQ ndi njira za DMA pakukonza zomvera munthawi yeniyeni
Makhadi a Network Interface (NICs)
- Zaperekedwa Kulumikizana kwa Ethernet kwa kulumikizana kwa LAN
- Zodziwika mu maukonde aofesi komanso malo owongolera mafakitale
Makhadi a Modem
- Yayatsidwa kulumikiza intaneti
- Adayikidwa mwachindunji mu ISA slot ndi Zithunzi za RJ11 zowululidwa kumbuyo
Makhadi Owongolera a I/O
- Thandizo lowonjezera kwa ma serial ports (COM), madoko ofanana (LPT),ndi floppy drives
- Zothandiza pakukulitsa kuchuluka kwa madoko pamabodi oyambira
Makhadi Ojambula Kanema ndi Makadi a TV Tuner
- Zinaperekedwa zofunika multimedia ntchito
- Kuloleza kulowetsa kwamavidiyo a analogi kapena kulandila ma siginecha apawailesi yakanema

Mtundu wa Chipangizo	Mlandu Wogwiritsiridwa Ntchito Wodziwika
Khadi Lomveka	Kusewerera nyimbo ndi kujambula
NIC (Ethernet)	Kugwirizana kwa LAN
Modem	Kuyankhulana kwapadera
Woyang'anira I/O	COM, LPT, thandizo la floppy
Industrial ISA Cards	Kupeza deta, kuwongolera kuyenda

Ulamuliro wautali wa ISA udapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yolumikizirana kukulitsa ndi makonda. Ngakhale makompyuta ambiri apanyumba asamukira ku PCI ndi PCIe, ambiri machitidwe a cholowa pakupanga ndi zida zimadalirabe makhadi a ISA odalirika ndi deterministic ntchito. Kupezeka kwawo masiku ano nthawi zambiri kumalunjika ophatikizidwa, retro computing, kapena mafakitale automation misika komwe chithandizo chanthawi yayitali cha hardware chili chofunikira.

V. ISA vs PCI ndi Miyezo Ina Yowonjezera Slot

Pamene hardware kompyuta kusinthika, zofooka za ISA slot zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zatsopano, zachangu, komanso zosinthika zolumikizira zowonjezera monga PCI, VESA Local Bus, AGP, ndipo pamapeto pake PCI Express (PCIe). Kumvetsa mmene ISA ikufananiza ndi PCI ndi miyezo ina imathandiza kufotokozera pang'onopang'ono kutha kwake mu kompyuta wamba.

Kuyerekeza kwa Magwiridwe ndi Kuthamanga

Mtundu wa Basi	Deta Width	Liwiro Lofanana	Pulagi-ndi-Play Support
MMODZI (8/16-bit)	8-16 mphindi	~ 8 MB/s	Ayi
Mphukira	32 biti	Kufikira 132 MB/s	Ayi
PCI	32/64 pang'ono	133 MB/s	Inde
PCIe	Mndandanda (x1–x16)	Mpaka ma GB/s osiyanasiyana	Inde

ONE cha mapangidwe a mabasi ofanana, buku Kusintha kwa IRQ/DMA, ndipo bandwidth yotsika idakhala zolepheretsa zotumphukira mwachangu. Motsutsana, PCI kudziwitsa Pulagi-ndi-Sewerani, kupititsa patsogolo,ndi luso la basi, kulola zida kuti zizilumikizana mosadalira CPU.

Chifukwa chiyani PCI Inasintha ISA

Liwiro lapamwamba ndi njira zambiri za data
Zosintha zokha za chuma
Zakonzedwa bwino chizindikiro cha kukhulupirika ndi kudalirika kwamagetsi
Thandizo labwino kwa multimedia, maukonde,ndi Zithunzi za 3D

Opikisana Ena

VESA Local Bus adapeza mphamvu pang'ono koma analibe scalability
AGP idapangidwa mwachindunji mavidiyo makadi
PCI Express tsopano ikulamuliridwa ndi zomanga zambiri komanso misewu yowongoka

Ngakhale kuti zatha kale pamakompyuta amakono, ISA ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mkati ma PC mafakitale, kumene chithandizo cha moyo wautali, khalidwe deterministic,ndi kukhazikika kwa hardware zimayikidwa patsogolo kuposa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. PCI ndi PCIe zitha kutsogola m'misika yochita bwino, koma pazotsatira ndi mapulogalamu ophatikizidwa, ISA kuphweka akupitiriza kupereka kudalirika kosayerekezeka m'madera olamulidwa.

IFE. ISA Slots mu Industrial and Embedded Application

Ngakhale mipata ya ISA yazimiririka pamakompyuta amakono ogula, amakhalabe odabwitsa zogwirizana mu makina apakompyuta ophatikizidwa ndi mafakitale. M'madera awa, kutsindika sikuli kuthamanga kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma kudalirika kwanthawi yayitali, deterministic control,ndi kukhazikika kwa hardware-zigawo zomwe Makhadi okulitsa a ISA pitirizani kuchita bwino.

Chifukwa Chake ISA Ikugwiritsidwabe Ntchito Pamakampani

Kuphatikiza zida zolowa: Makina ambiri a fakitale ndi mabenchi oyesera amadalirabe Makadi a ISA I/O zidachitika zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.
Zochita zazitali zamoyo: Makina opanga mafakitale amamangidwa kuti azikhala 10-20+ zaka, nthawi zambiri zimafuna chithandizo chokhazikika akale hardware miyezo.
Khola magetsi mawonekedwe: ONE 5V chizindikiro, okhazikika Ntchito za IRQ/DMA, komanso nthawi yosavuta ya mabasi imawonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino m'malo aphokoso.
Mayankho ophatikizidwa mwamakonda: Ena makompyuta a single board (SBCs) ndi ndege yakumbuyo pitilizani kuphatikiza mipata ya ISA kuti muthandizire ma module a Hardware.

Common Industrial Applications:

Malo Ofunsira	Zitsanzo Zipangizo
Factory Automation	Digital I/O, makhadi owongolera a ISA
Mayeso & Muyeso	Makhadi a Data acquisition (DAQ).
Mayendedwe kachitidwe	Kulumikizana ndi kuwongolera kolowera
Zida Zachipatala	Kuwunika zida zothandizidwa ndi cholowa
Military / Aerospace Systems	Zowongolera zophatikizidwa ndi ISA zokhazikika

M'magawo awa, mtengo wokweza kapena kukonzanso zida zothandizira mabasi atsopano monga PCIe akhoza kukhala okwera kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, mafakitale motherboards ndi bokosi ma PC ndi thandizo la ISA amapangidwabe ndi ogulitsa niche.

VII. Momwe Mungadziwire Slot ISA pa Motherboard?

Kuzindikira ndi ISA slot pa a bolodi ndizofunikira kwa akatswiri ogwira nawo ntchito machitidwe a cholowa, ma PC mafakitale, kapena ma projekiti apakompyuta a retro. Ngakhale sizipezekanso muzinthu zamakono za ogula, malo a ISA akuwonekerabe mavabodi apadera yomangidwa kwa ophatikizidwa kapena mapulogalamu odzichitira okha.

Makhalidwe Athupi a ISA Slots

Mipata ya ISA ndiyosavuta kuzindikira mukadziwa zoyenera kuyang'ana:

Utali: Nthawi zambiri yaitali kuposa PCI kapena PCIe mipata
Mtundu: Nthawi zambiri wakuda kapena wakuda
Mtundu Wolumikizira:
- 8-bit MMODZI mipata ndi 62 malo olumikizirana
- 16-bit MMODZI mipata kuwonjezera kwambiri ndi 98 pa, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati gawo la magawo awiri

The 16-bit ISA slot chikuwoneka ngati cholumikizira chachitali chokhala ndi a gawo la notched kumbuyo kwa gululo. Ma boardboard ena amathandizira onse PCI ndi ISA, kotero inu muwona chisakanizo cha mitundu kagawo.

Malo a Slot ndi Mawonekedwe

Yopezeka kufanana kwa wina ndi mzake m'mizere yopingasa
Nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi m'mphepete ya AT kapena ATX motherboards
Zosiyana bwino ndi woyera PCI kapena wamfupi PCIe mipata

X. Njira Zamakono ndi Ma Adapter

Pamene teknoloji yapita patsogolo, ISA mipata zathetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha njira zolumikizirana bwino komanso zachangu monga PCI, PCIe,ndi USB. Komabe, mafakitale ambiri amadalirabe makadi a ISA cholowa za ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Kuti muchepetse kusiyana uku, angapo njira zamakono ndi ISA-to-PCI kapena USB adaputala zatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma hardware akale azigwira ntchito m'makina atsopano.

Njira Zina za ISA M'machitidwe Amakono:

Makhadi a PCI/PCIe: Perekani bandwidth yapamwamba, pulagi-ndi-sewerani thandizo, komanso kugwirizanitsa bwino ndi machitidwe amakono ogwiritsira ntchito.
Ma module a USB a I/O: Bwezerani makhadi a ISA pakupeza deta, kulankhulana kwachinsinsi, ndi ntchito za digito za I/O.
Ma PC ophatikizidwa ndi chithandizo cha ISA: Ena makompyuta a mafakitale ndikuphatikizanso mipata ya ISA yophatikizira cholowa.

XII. Kutsiliza: Kodi ISA Ikugwirabe Ntchito Masiku Ano?

Ngakhale a ISA slot wakhala atapuma pantchito kuchokera ku ma PC ogula, akupitiriza kugwira ntchito yofunikira computing cholowa, machitidwe owongolera mafakitale,ndi mapulogalamu ophatikizidwa. M'malo momwe kusasinthasintha kwa hardware, deterministic ntchito,ndi moyo wautali wazinthu Kuposa liwiro, ISA imakhalabe mawonekedwe odalirika.

Kumene ISA Idakali Yofunika:

Ma PC mafakitale kuphatikiza rackmount pc, 4U rackmount pc, 2U rackmount pc, 1u pcyogwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina opanga mafakitale, kuwongolera kuyenda,ndi kupeza deta
Njira zamankhwala ndi zakuthambo kumene ziphaso zimatsekera mu hardware ya cholowa
Retro kompyuta midzi yosunga machitidwe a mbiri yakale

Mwachidule, ngakhale ISA sichiyendetsanso zatsopano, imasungabe mtengo m'magawo a niche ku bata ndi kuyanjana kwa cholowa sizingakambirane. Kumvetsetsa zofunikira za ISA kumathandizira mainjiniya ndi oyang'anira IT kupanga zisankho zodziwitsidwa pothandizira kapena kusamuka machitidwe akale.