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Yintoni i-ISA Slot?

2024-08-13 16:29:49

I. Intshayelelo: Yintoni i-ISA Slot?

An ISA slot, mfutshane ye Industry Standard Architecture slot, luhlobo lwe slot ukwandisa ifunyenwe kwindala iibhodi zomama evumela abasebenzisi ukufaka amakhadi okwandiswa hardware. Yaziswa ekuqaleni ngu IBM ekuqaleni 1980s, ujongano ISA yaba umgangatho webhasi osisiseko kwiikhompyuter zabo zokuqala. Idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izixhobo ezifana amakhadi esandi, amakhadi ojongano lwenethiwekhi, kwaye iimodem ukunxibelelana nenkqubo kunye nokunxibelelana ngqo ne ICPU kwaye inkumbulo nge inkqubo yebhasi.

Iindawo zokubeka i-ISA zazifumaneka kwi 8-bit kwaye kamva I-16-bit iinguqulelo, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-motherboard ehambelanayo. Nangona ngoku iphelelwe lixesha kwiiPC eziqhelekileyo, iindawo zokubeka i-ISA zisafumaneka iinkqubo zelifa kwaye iiPC zoshishino apho inkxaso yexesha elide kunye uzinzo lwehardware zibaluleke kakhulu kunesantya.

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-ISA zokubeka ziquka:

Udluliselo lwedatha olunxuseneyo
Izantya ezisezantsi zebhasi (ngokuqhelekileyo 8MHz)
Uqwalaselo lwezandla ngokusebenzisa iijumpi okanye iiswitshi zeDIP
Ukusetyenziswa kwe imigca IRQ kwaye Imijelo ye-DMA

Namhlanje, ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na i-ISA slot ihlala ifanelekile kumagcisa asebenza nayo iinkqubo ezizinzisiweyo, ikhompyutha ye-retro, okanye ukugcina izixhobo ezizenzekelayo zelifa. Ilifa layo liphila kuguqulo lwe PCI, PCIe, kunye nezinye izakhiwo zebhasi zanamhlanje.

II. Imvelaphi ye-ISA: Imbali emfutshane

I I-ISA (i-Industry Standard Architecture) yaziswa kuqala ngu IBM kwi 1981 njengenxalenye yayo IBM PC uyilo. Ekuqaleni yayiyilwe njenge 8-bit ibhasi, yenza ukuba abasebenzisi banxibelelane kubalulekile izixhobo zeperipheral njengabashicileli, iimodem, kunye nabalawuli bogcino. Kwi 1984, ngokukhululwa kwe IBM AT, umgangatho we-ISA wandiswa ukuya kwi-a I-16-bit version, ukuphucula amandla ayo okujongana neemfuno ezintsonkothileyo zehardware kunye nokuvula indlela yeshumi leminyaka yolawulo kuyilo lwePC.

I-ISA yayilwa njenge ulwakhiwo lweebhasi ezinxuseneyo, apho isixhobo ngasinye esiqhagamshelwe sinxibelelana ne CPU kunye RAM ngokwabelwe Iidilesi ze-I/O, imigca IRQ, kwaye Imijelo ye-DMA. Ngokungafaniyo neplagi kunye nojongano lwangoku lokudlala, iindawo zokubeka i-ISA zangaphambili ziyafuneka uqwalaselo lwesandla nge abaxhume okanye Iiswitshi ze-DIP, ukwenza ukuseta inkqubo yobugcisa ngakumbi.

Le theyibhile ingezantsi ishwankathela i-ISA's evolution:

Inguqulelo	Ububanzi Bit	Yaziswa	Isetyenziswa kwi
ENYE 8-bit	8-bit	1981	IBM PC, XT
ENYE 16-bit	I-16-bit	1984	IBM AT, 386, 486 iiPC

Ukuthandwa kwe-ISA kukhokelele ekwamkelweni kwabantu abaninzi ngo abathengisi behardware yomntu wesithathu, ukuyimisela njenge-de facto slot ukwandisa umgangatho de yatshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe PHUMELA, PCI, kwaye ekugqibeleni PCI Express ngeminyaka yee-1990.

III. Iinkcazo zobuGcisa ze-ISA Slots

I I-Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) yayiyeyona nto icacisayo yoyilo lwePC yokuqala, isebenza njengeyona nto iphambili ibhasi yokwandisa ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indawo yayo kwimbali yehardware, kubalulekile ukucalula iinkcukacha zobugcisa ukuba kuchazwe kwiindawo zokubeka ISA.

Ububanzi beBit kunye noTshintsho lweDatha

Iindawo zokubeka i-ISA bezifumaneka kuhlengahlengiso ezimbini:

8-bit NYE: Ixhasa i-62-pin connectors, kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokudlulisa idatha 8.33 MB/s
I-16-bit NYE: Isebenzisa isidibanisi se-98-pin, inikezela ngedilesi eyandisiweyo kunye ne-throughput

Inkcazo	8-bit NYE	I-16-bit NYE
Ububanzi bebhasi	8 amasuntswana	16 amasuntswana
Izikhonkwane zokudibanisa	62	98
Isantya sewotshi	4.77–8 MHz	8MHz
Ugqithiso oluPhezulu	~5 MB/s	~8 MB/s
Yaziswa Kwi	1981	1984

IiProtokholi zoNxibelelwano

ISA kwiindawo zokubeka zisebenza ngokusebenzisa unxibelelwano oluhambelanayo, isixhobo ngasinye sabelwe ngokuthe ngqo:

I-IRQ (Iimigca yesicelo esiPhazamisile)
I-DMA (uFikelelo oluNgqo kwiMemori) Imijelo
I/O Iidilesi zeZibuko

Ezi zibonelelo zalungiswa ngesandla kusetyenziswa abaxhume okanye Iiswitshi ze-DIP, ngokufuthi kufuna ukuba abasebenzisi bajonge iincwadana zehardware. Olu qwalaselo lwencwadi lungakhokelela ku ukungqubana kwemithombo, imida engundoqo xa kuthelekiswa neyanamhlanje Iplagi-kunye-Dlala (PnP) ubugcisa.

Uyilo loMbane kunye noomatshini

ISA kwiindawo zokubeka zithembele Umqondiso we-5V
Ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe kufutshane nomphetho we motherboard
Inkxaso ye ubude obuphelele kwaye Isiqingatha sobude amakhadi okwandisa

Ngaphandle kokucotha ngemigangatho yanamhlanje, ukulula kwe-ISA kunye nenkxaso ebanzi yanceda ukuba ibe lilitye lembombo kuyilo lwePC. Nanamhlanje, amakhadi ISA ishishini kwaye iinkqubo zekhompuyutha zelifa isasebenzisa olu jongano ngenxa yayo ukuziphatha okuqinisekileyo, ixabiso eliphantsi, kwaye umjikelo wenkxaso omde-izinto ezibalulekileyo kwindawo edibeneyo kunye nezoshishino.

IV. Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo eziSebenzisa i-ISA Slots

Amakhadi esandi
- Imveliso yomsindo yenziwe kwiiPC zokuqala
- Iimpawu ezifana Isandi seBlaster yaba ngamagama asekhaya
- Uthembele kwi Imijelo ye-IRQ kunye ne-DMA ukusetyenzwa komsindo ngexesha lokwenyani
Amakhadi oNxibelelwano womnatha (NICs)
- Kubonelelwe Uqhagamshelwano lwe-Ethernet kunxibelelwano lwe-LAN
- Ixhaphakile kwiinethiwekhi zeofisi kunye neendawo zolawulo lwamashishini
Amakhadi eModem
- Ivuliwe ukucofa ukufikelela kwi-intanethi
- Ifakwe ngqo kwi-ISA slot nge RJ11 izibuko etyhilwe ngasemva
Amakhadi oMlawuli we-I/O
- Inkxaso eyongeziweyo ye izibuko zothotho (COM), amazibuko anxuseneyo (LPT), kwaye iifloppy drives
- Iluncedo ekwandiseni ubalo lwezibuko kwiibhodi zoomama ezisisiseko
I-Video Capture kunye ne-TV Tuner Cards
- Kubonelelwe ngesiseko umsebenzi wemultimedia
- Ungeniso lwevidiyo ye-analog evumelekileyo okanye ulwamkelo lwesignali kamabonakude emoyeni

Uhlobo lwesiXhobo	Imeko yokusetyenziswa eqhelekileyo
Ikhadi lesandi	Ukudlala okuvakalayo kunye nokurekhoda
NIC (Ethernet)	Uqhagamshelwano lweLAN
Imodem	Unxibelelwano lokucofa
UMlawuli we-I/O	COM, LPT, inkxaso yefloppy
Amakhadi e-ISA oshishino	Ukufunyanwa kwedatha, ulawulo lwentshukumo

Ulawulo olude lwe-ISA lwenze ujongano lokuya Ukwandiswa kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso. Nangona iikhompyuter ezininzi zasekhaya ziye zafudukela kwi I-PCI kunye ne-PCIe, abaninzi iinkqubo zelifa kwimveliso kunye nezixhobo zisaxhomekeke kumakhadi e-ISA ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nokuzimisela. Ukufumaneka kwazo namhlanje kudla ngokujolisa ifakwe, i-retro-computing, okanye i-automation yemizi-mveliso iimarike apho inkxaso ye-hardware yexesha elide ibalulekile.

V. ISA vs PCI kunye nezinye Ukwandiswa Slot Standards

Njengoko izixhobo zekhompyuter zavela, imida ye ISA slot kwavelisa into entsha, ekhawulezayo, kwaye ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi ujongano olwandisiweyo njengaye PCI, VESA Local Bus, I-AGP, kwaye ekugqibeleni I-PCI Express (PCIe). Ukuqonda ukuba njani I-ISA ithelekisa ne-PCI kunye neminye imigangatho inceda ekuchazeni inqanaba layo lokuphuma kancinci kwikhompyuter yesiqhelo.

Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kunye nesantya

Uhlobo lwebhasi	Ububanzi bedatha	Isantya esiqhelekileyo	I-Plag-and-Play Support
NYE (8/16-bit)	8-16 amasuntswana	~8 MB/s	Hayi
PHUMELA	32 bits	Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-132 MB/s	Hayi
PCI	32/64 bits	133 MB/s	Ewe
PCIe	Uthotho (x1–x16)	Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-GB/s kuluhlu	Ewe

ENYE ulwakhiwo lweebhasi ezinxuseneyo, incwadi yesandla Uqwalaselo lwe-IRQ/DMA, kunye ne-bandwidth ephantsi yaba yimiqobo yee-peripherals ezikhawulezayo. Okuchasene, PCI yaziswa Iplagi-kunye-Dlala, umgangatho ophezulu, kwaye ukuphumelela kwebhasi, ukuvumela izixhobo ukuba zinxibelelane ngokuzimeleyo kwi-CPU.

Kutheni i-PCI ithathe indawo ye-ISA

Isantya esiphezulu kwaye indlela yedatha ebanzi
Uqwalaselo oluzenzekelayo yezibonelelo
Iphuculwe uphawu lwemfezeko kwaye ukuthembeka kombane
Inkxaso engcono ye multimedia, uthungelwano, kwaye Imizobo ye-3D

Abanye abakhuphisana nabo

VESA Local Bus Ngokufutshane ufumene i-traction kodwa akanakho ukukala
I-AGP yaphuhliswa ngokukodwa amakhadi evidiyo
PCI Express ngoku ilawula ngolwakhiwo olulandelelanayo kunye neendlela ezikhawulezayo

Nangona iphelelwe lixesha kwiidesktop zanamhlanje, I-ISA isasebenza ngaphakathi iiPC zoshishino, apho inkxaso yobomi obude, ukuziphatha okuqinisekileyo, kwaye uzinzo lwehardware zibekwe phambili kunomsebenzi. I-PCI kunye ne-PCIe inokulawula iimarike zokusebenza, kodwa kwilifa kunye nezicelo ezizinzisiweyo, Ubulula be-ISA iyaqhubeka inika ukuthembeka okungahambelaniyo kwiindawo ezilawulwayo.

WE. ISA Slots in Industrial kunye nezicelo embedded

Ngelixa iindawo zokubeka i-ISA ziye zanyamalala kwiiPC zanamhlanje zabathengi, zihlala zimangalisa efanelekileyo kwi iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezizinziswe kushishino. Kwezi ndawo, ugxininiso alukho kwisantya okanye kwintsebenzo yokusika, kodwa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide, ulawulo oluqinisekileyo, kwaye uzinzo lwehardware- kwiindawo apho amakhadi ukwandisa ISA ukuqhubeka ukuphumelela.

Kutheni i-ISA isasetyenziswa kuShishino

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zelifa: Oomatshini abaninzi befektri kunye neebhentshi zokuvavanya zisaxhomekeke kuyo Amakhadi e-ISA I/O yaphuhliswa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ubomi bemveliso ende: Iinkqubo zoshishino zakhiwe ukuze zihlale 10-20+ iminyaka, esoloko efuna inkxaso engaguqukiyo imigangatho yehardware endala.
Ujongano lombane oluzinzileyo: ENYE Umqondiso we-5V, zilungisiwe Izabelo ze-IRQ/DMA, kunye nexesha elilula lebhasi liqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhambelanayo kwiindawo ezinengxolo.
Izisombululo ezizinzisiweyo zesiko: Abanye iikhompyutha ezinebhodi enye (SBCs) kwaye inqwelomoya qhubeka ukubandakanya iindawo zokubeka i-ISA ukuxhasa iimodyuli zehardware yelifa.

Izicelo zoShishino oluQhelekileyo:

Indawo yesicelo	Izixhobo ezingumzekelo
Umzi-mveliso ozenzekelayo	I-Digital I / O, ukulawula intshukumo amakhadi ISA
Uvavanyo kunye noMlinganiselo	Ukufunyanwa kwedatha (DAQ) amakhadi
IiNkqubo zoThutho	Unxibelelwano kunye nojongano lolawulo
Izixhobo zonyango	Izixhobo zokubeka iliso ezinenkxaso yelifa
IiNkqubo zeMilitare / iAerospace	Izilawuli ezizinzisiweyo ezisekwe kwi-ISA

Kula macandelo, iindleko zokuphucula okanye ukuyila ngokutsha i-hardware ukuxhasa iibhasi ezintsha ezifana PCIe ingaba phezulu kakhulu. Nje ngeziphumo, iibhodi zomama zoshishino kwaye ibhokisi PC ngenkxaso ye-ISA zisaveliswa ngabathengisi be-niche.

VII. Indlela yokuchonga i-ISA Slot kwiMotherboard?

Ukuqaphela i ISA slot kwi motherboard ibalulekile kumagcisa asebenza nawo iinkqubo zelifa, iiPC zoshishino, okanye iiprojekthi zekhompyutha ze-retro. Nangona bengasafumaneki kwi-hardware yanamhlanje yabathengi, iindawo zokubeka i-ISA zisabonakala iibhodi zoomama ezikhethekileyo yakhelwe ifakwe okanye usetyenziso oluzenzekelayo.

Iimpawu zePhysical of ISA Slots

Iindawo zokubeka i-ISA kulula ukuzichonga wakuba uyazi ukuba ujonge ntoni:

Ubude: Ngokwesiqhelo ixesha elide kune-PCI okanye i-PCIe iindawo zokubeka
Umbala: Ngesiqhelo emnyama okanye emnyama emnyama
Uhlobo lwesiqhagamshelo:
- 8-bit NYE iindawo zokubeka babe Amanqaku angama-62 oqhagamshelwano
- I-16-bit NYE iindawo zokubeka zandisa ngakumbi nge 98 izikhonkwane, edla ngokubonakala njengendawo eneenxalenye ezimbini

I I-16-bit ISA slot ibonakala njengesidibanisi eside esine a icandelo elinophawulweyo ngasemva kwebhodi. Ezinye iibhodi zomama zinokuxhasa zombini PCI kunye ISA, ngoko uya kubona umxube weentlobo slot.

Indawo yokubeka kunye noYilo

Ikhoyo ehambelanayo omnye komnye kwimiqolo ethe tye
Rhoqo kufutshane nongqameko olusezantsi yeebhodi ze-AT okanye ze-ATX
Ukwahlulwe ngokucacileyo ukusuka PCI emhlophe okanye PCIe emfutshane iindawo zokubeka

X. IiNdlela ezizezinye zale mihla kunye neeAptha

Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, ISA kwiindawo zokubeka zikhutshiwe kakhulu ngokuthanda ujongano olusebenzayo nolukhawulezayo olufana PCI, PCIe, kwaye i-USB. Nangona kunjalo, amashishini amaninzi asathembele kuwo amakhadi ISA ilifa kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo zobuthunywa. Ukuvala lo msantsa, ezininzi iindlela zangoku kunye ne-ISA-to-PCI okanye iadaptha ze-USB ziye zavela, zivumela ihardware endala ukuba isebenze kwiinkqubo ezintsha.

Ezezinye ze-ISA kwiiNkqubo zale mihla:

PCI/PCIe Cards: Nikeza i-bandwidth ephezulu, iplagi-kunye-udlale inkxaso, kunye nokuhambelana ngcono kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zangoku.
Iimodyuli ezisekelwe kwi-USB ze-I/O: Faka amakhadi e-ISA endaweni yokufumana idatha, unxibelelwano lwe-serial, kunye nemisebenzi yedijithali ye-I/O.
IiPC ezizinzisiweyo ezinenkxaso ye-ISA: Abanye iikhompyutha zoshishino zisabandakanya iindawo zokubeka i-ISA zokudityaniswa kwelifa.

XII. Isiphelo: Ngaba i-ISA isasebenza namhlanje?

Nangona i ISA slot kudala ethathe umhlala phantsi kwiiPC zabathengi, iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima enentsingiselo kuyo ikhompuyutha yelifa, iinkqubo zolawulo lwamashishini, kwaye izicelo ezizinzisiweyo. Kwiindawo apho ukuhambelana kwehardware, ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo, kwaye imijikelo yobomi bemveliso emide umba ngaphezu kwesantya, ISA uhlala ujongano oluthembekileyo.

Apho i-ISA isabalulekile:

iiPC Industrial kuquka i-rackmount pc, I-4U rackmount pc, 2U rackmount pc, 1U pcisetyenziswe kwi automation yefektri, ulawulo lwentshukumo, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwedatha
Iinkqubo zonyango kunye ne-aerospace apho izatifikethi zitshixa kwihardware yelifa
Retro computing uluntu olugcina iinkqubo zembali

Ngamafutshane, ngelixa i-ISA ingasaqhubi ukutsha okuqhelekileyo, igcina ixabiso kumacandelo niche apho uzinzo kwaye ukuhambelana ilifa azixoxiswana. Ukuqonda usetyenziso oluhlala luhleli lwe-ISA kunceda iinjineli kunye nabaphathi be-IT benze izigqibo ezinolwazi xa bexhasa okanye befuduka kwiinkqubo ezindala.