Ibhulogi

Iyini i-ISA Slot?

2024-08-13 16:29:49

I. Isingeniso: Iyini i-ISA Slot?

An I-ISA slot, okufushane kokuthi Imboni Standard Architecture slot, wuhlobo lwe ukunwetshwa slot etholakala kwabadala amabhodi omama evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafake amakhadi okunweba hardware. Ekuqaleni yethulwe ngu IBM ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, i-interface ye-ISA yaba i izinga lebhasi eliyisisekelo kumakhompuyutha omuntu asekuqaleni. Idlale indima ebalulekile ekunikeni amandla amadivayisi afana amakhadi omsindo, amakhadi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi, futhi amamodemu ukuxhumana nohlelo nokuxhumana ngqo ne CPU futhi inkumbulo nge ibhasi lesistimu.

Izikhala ze-ISA bezitholakala ku 8-bit futhi kamuva 16-bit izinguqulo, kuye ngokuhambisana kwebhodi lomama. Yize manje isiphelelwe yisikhathi kuma-PC ajwayelekile, izikhala ze-ISA zisatholakala izinhlelo zefa futhi ama-PC wezimboni lapho ukwesekwa isikhathi eside futhi ukuzinza kwehadiwe zibucayi kakhulu kunejubane.

Izici ezibalulekile ze-ISA Slots zifaka:

Ukudluliswa kwedatha okuhambisanayo
Isivinini sebhasi esiphansi (ngokuvamile i-8MHz)
Ukucushwa mathupha ngokusebenzisa ama-jumpers noma ama-switch e-DIP
Ukusetshenziswa kwe Imigqa ye-IRQ futhi Iziteshi ze-DMA

Namuhla, ukuqonda ukuthi iyini i-ISA slot kusabalulekile kochwepheshe abasebenza nabo amasistimu ashumekiwe, ikhompyutha ye-retro, noma ukunakekela imishini ye-automation yefa. Ifa layo liyaqhubeka noguquko lwe I-PCI, PCIe, nezinye izakhiwo zesimanje zamabhasi.

II. Umsuka we-ISA: Umlando omfushane

I I-ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) yethulwa okokuqala ngu IBM phakathi 1981 njengengxenye yayo I-IBM PC umklamo. Yakhelwe ekuqaleni njenge 8-bit ibhasi, yenze abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuxhuma okubalulekile amadivaysi e-peripheral njengamaphrinta, amamodemu, nezilawuli zesitoreji. Ku 1984, ngokukhululwa kwe IBM AT, izinga le-ISA lanwetshwa laba yi-a Inguqulo ye-16-bit, ithuthukisa amandla ayo okusingatha izidingo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ivula indlela yeshumi leminyaka lokubusa ekwakhiweni kwe-PC.

I-ISA yakhiwe njenge parallel ibhasi izakhiwo, lapho idivayisi ngayinye exhunyiwe ixhumene ne CPU kanye RAM ngokunikezwa I/O amakheli, Imigqa ye-IRQ, futhi Iziteshi ze-DMA. Ngokungafani ne-plug-and-play yesimanjemanje, izikhala ze-ISA zakuqala ziyadingeka ukumisa mathupha nge abagxumagxuma noma Ukushintsha kwe-DIP, okwenza ukusetha kube inqubo yobuchwepheshe.

Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa ukuvela kwe-ISA:

Inguqulo	Ububanzi Obuncane	Kwethulwe	Isetshenziswe ku
EYODWA 8-bit	8-bit	1981	I-IBM PC, XT
EYODWA 16-bit	16-bit	1984	IBM AT, 386, 486 PC

Ukuduma kwe-ISA kwaholela ekuthathweni okubanzi ngo abathengisi bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha benkampani yangaphandle, ukusungula njenge-de facto ukunwetshwa slot ejwayelekile yaze yashintshwa kancane kancane HLULA, I-PCI, futhi ekugcineni I-PCI Express ngawo-1990.

III. Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe ye-ISA Slots

I I-Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) kwakuyisici esichazayo sokuklama kwe-PC yasekuqaleni, esebenza njengeyinhloko ibhasi lokunweba iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele indawo yayo kumlando wehadiwe, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe ukuthi kuchazwe ISA Slots.

Ububanzi Bebhithi kanye Nokudluliswa Kwedatha

Izikhala ze-ISA bezitholakala ngezindlela ezimbili:

8-bit ENYE: Isekela izixhumi ezingamaphini angu-62, nezinga eliphezulu lokudlulisa idatha 8.33 MB/s
16-bhithi EYODWA: Isebenzisa isixhumi samaphini angu-98, inikeza ikheli elinwetshiwe kanye nokuphumayo

Ukucaciswa	8-bit ENYE	16-bhithi EYODWA
Ububanzi Bebhasi	8 amabhithi	16 amabhithi
Izikhonkwane zokuxhuma	62	98
Isivinini Sewashi	4.77–8 MHz	8 MHz
I-Max Throughput	~5 MB/s	~8 MB/s
Kwethulwe ku	1981	1984

Izivumelwano Zokuxhumana

Izikhala ze-ISA zisebenza kusetshenziswa ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo, idivayisi ngayinye eyabelwe ngokukhethekile:

I-IRQ (Imigqa Yesicelo Yokuphazamisa)
Iziteshi ze-DMA (Direct Memory Access).
I/O Amakheli Echweba

Lezi zinsiza zalungiswa mathupha kusetshenziswa abagxumagxuma noma Ukushintsha kwe-DIP, ngokuvamile idinga ukuthi abasebenzisi babheke amamanyuwali wehadiwe. Lokhu kulungiselelwa okwenziwa ngesandla kungaholela kokuthi ukungqubuzana kwezinsiza, umkhawulo oyinhloko uma uqhathaniswa nesimanje I-Plug-and-Play (PnP) ubuchwepheshe.

Idizayini kagesi kanye neMechanical

Izikhala ze-ISA zithembele kuyo Isiginali ye-5V
Ivamise ukubekwa eduze komkhawulo we ibhodi lomama
Ukusekela for ubude obugcwele futhi ubude obuyingxenye amakhadi okunweba

Naphezu kokuhamba kancane ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, ubulula be-ISA nokusekelwa okusabalele kuyisize yaba isisekelo ekwakhiweni kwe-PC. Nanamuhla, amakhadi ezimboni ISA futhi amasistimu wekhompiyutha wefa usasebenzisa lesi sikhombimsebenzisi ngenxa yayo ukuziphatha okunqumayo, izindleko eziphansi, futhi umjikelezo wokusekela omude-Izici ezibalulekile ezindaweni ezishumekiwe nezimboni.

IV. Amadivayisi Common esetshenziswa ISA Slots

Amakhadi Omsindo
- Kunikwe amandla okukhipha umsindo kuma-PC asekuqaleni
- Brands like I-Blaster yomsindo kwaphenduka izibongo
- Kuncike Iziteshi ze-IRQ ne-DMA ngokucubungula umsindo ngesikhathi sangempela
Amakhadi e-Network Interface (NICs)
- Kuhlinzekiwe Ukuxhumana kwe-Ethernet ukuxhumana kwe-LAN
- Okujwayelekile kumanethiwekhi ehhovisi nasezindaweni zokulawula zezimboni
Amakhadi emodemu
- Inikwe amandla thola ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi
- Kufakwe ngqo ku-ISA slot nge Izimbobo ze-RJ11 obala ngemuva
Amakhadi okulawula we-I/O
- Kwengezwe usekelo lwe izimbobo ze-serial (COM), izimbobo ezifanayo (LPT), futhi ama-floppy drives
- Iwusizo ekwandiseni isibalo sembobo kuma-motherboards ayisisekelo
Ukuthwebula ividiyo namakhadi eshuna ye-TV
- Okuyisisekelo okuhlinzekiwe ukusebenza kwe-multimedia
- Kuvunyelwe okokufaka kwevidiyo ye-analogi noma ukwamukela isignali yethelevishini esemoyeni

Uhlobo Lwedivayisi	Ikesi elijwayelekile lokusebenzisa
Ikhadi Lomsindo	Ukudlalwa komsindo nokuqoshwa
I-NIC (Ethernet)	Ukuxhumana kwe-LAN
Imodemu	Ukuxhumana kocingo
Isilawuli se-I/O	I-COM, LPT, ukwesekwa kwefloppy
Izimboni ISA Cards	Ukutholwa kwedatha, ukulawula ukunyakaza

Ukubusa okude kwe-ISA kwayenza yaba isikhombimsebenzisi sokuya kuyo ukunwetshwa nokwenza ngokwezifiso. Nakuba amakhompyutha amaningi asekhaya aqhubekele phambili I-PCI ne-PCIe, abaningi izinhlelo zefa ekukhiqizeni nasekusebenziseni izinsimbi basathembele kumakhadi e-ISA ukuze ukusebenza okuthembekile nokunqumayo. Ukutholakala kwabo namuhla kuvame ukukhomba kushumekiwe, i-retro-computing, noma ezishintshayo zezimboni izimakethe lapho ukusekelwa kwehadiwe yesikhathi eside kubalulekile.

V. ISA vs PCI kanye Okunye Ukunwetshwa Slot Amazinga

Njengoba i-hardware yekhompyutha yavela, ukulinganiselwa kwe- I-ISA slot kudale okusha, okusheshayo, nokuvumelana nezimo izixhumanisi zokunweba njenge I-PCI, I-VESA Local Bus, I-AGP, futhi ekugcineni I-PCI Express (PCIe). Ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani I-ISA iqhathaniswa ne-PCI kanye namanye amazinga asiza ukuchaza ukuphuma kwawo kancane kancane kukhompyutha evamile.

Ukuqhathanisa Ukusebenza kanye Nesivinini

Uhlobo Lwebhasi	Ububanzi Bedatha	Isivinini Esijwayelekile	Usekelo lwe-plug-and-Play
EYODWA (8/16-bit)	8-16 izingcezu	~8 MB/s	Cha
HLULA	32 amabhithi	Kufika ku-132 MB/s	Cha
I-PCI	32/64 amabhithi	133 MB/s	Yebo
PCIe	I-serial (x1–x16)	Kufika ku-GB/s ububanzi	Yebo

OLUNYE parallel ibhasi izakhiwo, imanuwali Ukucushwa kwe-IRQ/DMA, futhi umkhawulokudonsa ophansi ube yizingqinamba kuma-peripherals asheshayo. Ngokungqubuzanayo, I-PCI yethulwe Plug-and-Dlala, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, futhi ubungcweti bebhasi, okuvumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumane ngaphandle kwe-CPU.

Kungani i-PCI ithathe indawo ye-ISA

Isivinini esiphezulu futhi umzila wedatha obanzi
Ukumisa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinsiza
Kuthuthukisiwe isignali yobuqotho futhi ukwethembeka kagesi
Ukusekelwa okungcono kwe i-multimedia, inethiwekhi, futhi Ihluzo ze-3D

Abanye Izimbangi

I-VESA Local Bus ithole amandla kafushane kodwa yantula ukuqina
I-AGP yathuthukiswa ngokukhethekile amakhadi evidiyo
I-PCI Express manje ibusa nge-serial architecture nemizila escalable

Naphezu kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kumadeskithophu esimanje, I-ISA isasebenza ngaphakathi ama-PC wezimboni, lapho ukwesekwa komjikelezo wempilo omude, ukuziphatha okunqumayo, futhi ukuzinza kwehadiwe zibekwe phambili kunokusebenza. I-PCI ne-PCIe zingabusa izimakethe zokusebenza, kodwa ngefa nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezishumekiwe, Ubulula be-ISA iyaqhubeka nokunikeza ukwethembeka okungenakuqhathaniswa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo.

WE. I-ISA Slots ku-Industrial and Embedded Applications

Ngenkathi ama-slots e-ISA anyamalele kuma-PC wanamuhla wabathengi, ahlala emangalisa efanele ku amasistimu wamakhompiyutha afakwe ezimbonini. Kulezi zindawo, ukugcizelelwa akukho ejubaneni noma ekusebenzeni okuphambili, kodwa kuqhubeke ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside, ukulawula okunqunyiwe, futhi ukuzinza kwehadiwe- izindawo lapho Amakhadi okunweba e-ISA qhubeka nokuchuma.

Kungani i-ISA Isasetshenziswa Embonini

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini yefa: Imishini eminingi yefekthri namabhentshi okuhlola asathembele kuwo Amakhadi e-ISA I/O ithuthukiswe emashumini eminyaka adlule.
Imijikelezo yokuphila yomkhiqizo omude: Izinhlelo zezimboni zakhiwe ukuze zihlale Iminyaka engu-10-20+, ngokuvamile edinga ukusekelwa okungaguquki kwe izindinganiso ezindala zehadiwe.
Isixhumi esibonakalayo sikagesi esizinzile:OMUNYE Isiginali ye-5V, kulungisiwe Izabelo ze-IRQ/DMA, kanye nesikhathi esilula sebhasi siqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquki ezindaweni ezinomsindo.
Izixazululo ezishumekiwe ngokwezifiso: Abanye amakhompyutha ebhodi elilodwa (SBCs) futhi indiza engemuva qhubeka nokufaka izikhala ze-ISA ukusekela amamojula wehadiwe yefa.

Izicelo Ezijwayelekile Zezimboni:

Indawo Yesicelo	Amadivayisi ayisibonelo
I-Factory Automation	I-Digital I/O, amakhadi e-ISA okulawula ukunyakaza
Ukuhlola Nesilinganiso	Amakhadi okutholwa kwedatha (DAQ).
Izinhlelo Zokuthutha	Izixhumanisi zokuxhumana nokulawula
Imishini Yezokwelapha	Amadivayisi okuqapha anosekelo lwefa
I-Military/Aerospace Systems	Izilawuli ezishumekiwe ezisekelwe ku-ISA ezimangelengele

Kule mikhakha, izindleko zokuthuthukisa noma ukuklama kabusha ihadiwe ukuze kusekelwe amabhasi amasha afana PCIe kungaba high prohibitively. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhodi omama wezimboni futhi ibhokisi PC ngokusekelwa kwe-ISA zisakhiqizwa abathengisi be-niche.

VII. Indlela yokubona i-ISA Slot ebhodini lomama?

Ukuqaphela i I-ISA slot kwe a ibhodi lomama kubalulekile kochwepheshe abasebenza nabo izinhlelo zefa, ama-PC wezimboni, noma amaphrojekthi wekhompyutha we-retro. Yize zingasatholakali ku-hardware yesimanje yabathengi, izikhala ze-ISA zisavela kuzo ama-motherboards akhethekile eyakhelwe kushumekiwe noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizenzakalelayo.

Izici Physical of ISA Slots

Izikhala ze-ISA kulula ukuzibona uma wazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke:

Ubude: Ngokuvamile yinde kune-PCI noma i-PCIe izikhala
Umbala: Ngokuvamile emnyama noma emnyama
Uhlobo Lwesixhumi:
- 8-bit ENYE Slots babe 62 izindawo zokuxhumana
- 16-bhithi EYODWA Slots ukunwebeka phambili nge 98 izikhonkwane, evame ukuvela njenge-slot enezingxenye ezimbili

I I-16-bit ISA slot ivela njengesixhumi eside esine- ingxenye ye-notched ngasemuva kwebhodi. Amanye amabhodi omama angase asekele kokubili i-PCI ne-ISA, ngakho uzobona inhlanganisela slot izinhlobo.

Isikhundla Slot kanye Isakhiwo

Ikhona ngokuhambisana komunye nomunye emigqeni evundlile
Ngokuvamile eduze konqenqema olungezansi ye-AT noma i-ATX motherboards
Ihlukaniswe ngokusobala PCI emhlophe noma i-PCIe emifushane izikhala

X. Ezinye izindlela zesimanje nama-adaptha

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukile, Izikhala ze-ISA akhishwe kakhulu ukuze avune izixhumi ezibonakalayo ezisebenza kahle nezisheshayo njenge I-PCI, PCIe, futhi I-USB. Nokho, izimboni eziningi zisathembele kuzo amakhadi we-ISA wefa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zenhloso. Ukuvala lesi sikhala, eziningana ezinye izindlela zesimanje kanye nama-adaptha e-ISA-to-PCI noma e-USB sekuvele, okwenza ihadiwe endala isebenze ngaphakathi kwamasistimu amasha.

Ezinye izindlela ze-ISA Ezinhlelweni Zanamuhla:

Amakhadi e-PCI/PCIe: Nikeza umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu, plug-and-play ukwesekwa, nokuhambisana kangcono nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje.
Amamojula asekelwe ku-USB e-I/O: Faka esikhundleni amakhadi e-ISA ukuze uthole idatha, ukuxhumana kwe-serial, nemisebenzi yedijithali ye-I/O.
Ama-PC ashumekiwe anosekelo lwe-ISA: Abanye amakhompyutha ezimboni zisafaka izikhala ze-ISA zokuhlanganiswa kwefa.

XII. Isiphetho: Ingabe I-ISA Isasebenza Nanamuhla?

Nakuba i- I-ISA slot sekuyisikhathi eside ihoxisiwe kuma-PC wabathengi, iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile i-legacy computing, izinhlelo zokulawula izimboni, futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezishumekiwe. Ezimweni lapho ukuhambisana kwehadiwe, ukusebenza kwe-deterministic, futhi imijikelezo yokuphila yomkhiqizo omude Okubaluleke ngaphezu kwejubane, i-ISA ihlala iyisixhumi esibonakalayo esithembekile.

Lapho i-ISA Isabalulekile:

Ama-PC wezimboni kuhlanganise i-rackmount pc, I-4U rackmount pc, I-2U ye-rackmount pc, 1u pcesetshenziswa ku i-automation yemboni, isilawuli sokunyakaza, futhi ukutholwa kwedatha
Amasistimu wezokwelapha kanye ne-aerospace lapho izitifiketi zikhiya khona ihadiwe yefa
Ikhompyutha ye-Retro imiphakathi egcina izinhlelo zomlando

Ngamafuphi, nakuba i-ISA ingasaqhubi ukuqamba okusha okujwayelekile, iyaqhubeka inani emikhakheni ye-niche lapho ukuzinza futhi ukuhambisana kwefa akuxoxiswana ngakho. Ukuqonda insiza ehlala njalo ye-ISA kusiza onjiniyela nabaphathi be-IT benze izinqumo ezinolwazi lapho besekela noma bethutha amasistimu amadala.