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Ahantu ISA ni iki?

2024-08-13 16:29:49

I. Iriburiro: Ahantu ISA ni iki?

An Ikibanza cya ISA, bigufi kuri Inganda zisanzwe zubatswe, ni Ubwoko bwa umwanya wo kwagura iboneka ku bakuze ikibaho ibyo bituma abakoresha bashiraho amakarita yo kwagura ibyuma. Mubyambere byatangijwe na IBM mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, isura ya ISA yabaye a bisi shingiro muri mudasobwa ya mbere. Yagize uruhare runini mugushoboza ibikoresho nka amakarita y'amajwi, amakarita ya interineti, na modem guhuza na sisitemu no kuvugana neza na CPU na kwibuka Binyuze kuri Sisitemu Bus.

Ibice bya ISA byari bihari muri 8-bit na nyuma 16-bit verisiyo, bitewe nububiko bwibanze. Nubwo ubu ahanini bitagikoreshwa muri PC rusange, ibibanza bya ISA biracyaboneka Sisitemu Umurage na PC zo mu nganda aho inkunga y'igihe kirekire kandi ibyuma bihamye birakomeye kuruta umuvuduko.

Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga ISA harimo:

Ihererekanyabubasha ryamakuru
Umuvuduko muto wa bisi (mubisanzwe 8 MHz)
Ibikoresho ukoresheje abasimbuka cyangwa DIP ihinduka
Gukoresha Imirongo ya IRQ na Imiyoboro ya DMA

Uyu munsi, gusobanukirwa icyo ISA ikeneye gukomeza kuba ingirakamaro kubatekinisiye bakorana sisitemu yashyizwemo, Kubara, cyangwa kubungabunga ibikoresho byo gutangiza umurage. Umurage wacyo ubaho mugihe cyo kwimuka PCI, PCIe, hamwe nubundi bisi bugezweho.

II. Inkomoko ya ISA: Amateka Mugufi

Uwiteka ISA (Inganda zisanzwe zubaka) yatangijwe bwa mbere na IBM in 1981 nk'igice cyacyo IBM PC igishushanyo. Mubyambere byakozwe nka an Bus 8-bit, byafashaga abakoresha guhuza ngombwa ibikoresho bya periferi nka printer, modem, hamwe nububiko. Muri 1984, hamwe no kurekura i IBM AT, igipimo cya ISA cyaguwe kuri a 16-bit, kunoza ubushobozi bwayo kugirango ikemure ibyuma bigoye bikenewe kandi itange inzira kumyaka icumi yiganje mububiko bwa PC.

ISA yateguwe nka a parallel bus yubatswe, aho buri gikoresho gihujwe kivugana na CPU na RAM binyuze mu nshingano Aderesi ya I / O., Imirongo ya IRQ, na Imiyoboro ya DMA. Bitandukanye no gucomeka no gukina-bigezweho, hakiri kare ISA isabwa Ibikoresho Binyuze abasimbuka cyangwa DIP, gukora gushiraho inzira yubuhanga.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana muri make ubwihindurize bwa ISA:

Inyandiko	Ubugari bwa Bit	Yamenyekanye	Byakoreshejwe Muri
UMWE 8-bit	8-bit	1981	IBM PC, XT
UMWE 16-bit	16-bit	1984	IBM AT, 386, 486 PC

Kuba ISA yaramamaye byatumye abantu benshi bemerwa igice cya gatatu cyabacuruzi, kuyishyiraho nka de facto umwanya wo kwagura bisanzwe kugeza byasimbuwe buhoro buhoro na KUBONA, PCI, hanyuma PCI Express mu myaka ya za 90.

III. Ibisobanuro bya tekinike bya ISA

Uwiteka Inganda zisanzwe zubaka (ISA) yari ikintu gisobanura igishushanyo cya PC kare, ikora nkibanze kwagura bisi imyaka irenga icumi. Kugirango wumve neza umwanya wacyo mumateka yibyuma, ni ngombwa gusenya ibisobanuro bya tekiniki ibyo byasobanuwe ahantu ISA.

Ubugari bwa Bit hamwe no kohereza amakuru

Ibice bya ISA byari bihari muburyo bubiri:

8-bit ONE: Shyigikira 62-pin ihuza, hamwe nigipimo ntarengwa cyo kohereza amakuru ya 8.33 MB / s
16-bit UMWE: Koresha 98-pin ihuza, itanga adresse yagutse hamwe nibisohoka

Ibisobanuro	8-bit ONE	16-bit UMWE
Ubugari bwa Bus	8 bits	16 bits
Umuyoboro	62	98
Umuvuduko w'isaha	4.77-8 MHz	8 MHz
Ibicuruzwa byinshi	~ 5 MB / s	~ 8 MB / s
Yinjijwemo	1981	1984

Amasezerano y'itumanaho

Ibice bya ISA bikora ukoresheje itumanaho risa, hamwe na buri gikoresho cyagenwe cyihariye:

IRQ (Guhagarika imirongo isaba)
Imiyoboro ya DMA (Direct Memory Access)
I / O Icyambu

Ibikoresho byakoreshwaga nintoki ukoresheje abasimbuka cyangwa DIP, akenshi bisaba abakoresha kugisha inama imfashanyigisho. Ibikoresho byintoki bishobora kuganisha kuri amakimbirane ashingiye ku mutungo, urufunguzo ntarengwa ugereranije nibigezweho Gucomeka no gukina (PnP) ikoranabuhanga.

Igishushanyo cy'amashanyarazi na mashini

Ibice bya ISA bishingiye 5V ibimenyetso
Mubisanzwe bishyirwa hafi yinkombe ya ikibaho
Inkunga ya uburebure na uburebure amakarita yo kwagura

Nubwo itinda kurwego rwiki gihe, ubworoherane bwa ISA ninkunga yagutse byamufashije kuba umusingi wubwubatsi bwa PC. No muri iki gihe, amakarita ya ISA na sisitemu yo kubara umurage komeza ukoreshe iyi interface bitewe nayo imyitwarire idahwitse, igiciro gito, na Inzira ndende-Ibikorwa bikomeye mubidukikije byashyizwemo n'inganda.

IV. Ibikoresho bisanzwe Byakoreshejwe ISA

Ikarita Yijwi
- Gushoboza gusohora amajwi muri PC yo hambere
- Ibicuruzwa nka Ijwi yahindutse amazina y'urugo
- Yishingikirije Imiyoboro ya IRQ na DMA yo gutunganya amajwi nyayo
Ikarita ya Interineti Ikarita (NIC)
- Yatanzwe Umuyoboro wa Ethernet ku itumanaho rya LAN
- Bisanzwe mumurongo wibiro hamwe nibidukikije bigenzura inganda
Ikarita ya Modem
- Gushoboza hamagara kuri enterineti
- Yashyizwe muburyo butaziguye muri ISA hamwe na RJ11 ibyambu bigaragara inyuma
Ikarita ya Mugenzuzi
- Wongeyeho inkunga ya ibyambu bikurikirana (COM), ibyambu bisa (LPT), na disiki
- Nibyiza byo kwagura icyambu kubara kubibaho byibanze
Gufata Amashusho n'amakarita ya Tuneri ya TV
- Yatanzwe shingiro imikorere ya multimediya
- Emera analogi yerekana amashusho cyangwa hejuru ya televiziyo yakira ibimenyetso

Ubwoko bwibikoresho	Ikoreshwa risanzwe
Ikarita Yijwi	Gukina amajwi no gufata amajwi
NIC (Ethernet)	Guhuza LAN
Modem	Hamagara itumanaho
I / O Umugenzuzi	COM, LPT, inkunga ya floppy
Ikarita ya ISA Inganda	Kubona amakuru, kugenzura ibikorwa

Ingoma ndende ya ISA yatumye ijya kuri interineti kwaguka no kwihindura. Nubwo mudasobwa nyinshi zo murugo zagiye kuri PCI na PCIe, benshi Sisitemu Umurage mu gukora n'ibikoresho biracyashingira ku makarita ya ISA kuri imikorere yizewe kandi igena. Kuboneka kwabo muri iki gihe akenshi bireba yashyizwemo, Kubara, cyangwa gutangiza inganda amasoko aho inkunga yibikoresho byigihe kirekire ari ngombwa.

V. ISA vs PCI hamwe nubundi buryo bwo Kwagura Ibipimo

Mugihe ibyuma bya mudasobwa byahindutse, imipaka ya Ikibanza cya ISA yatanze kubyara bishya, byihuse, kandi byoroshye kwaguka nka PCI, VESA Bus, AGP, hanyuma PCI Express (PCIe). Gusobanukirwa uburyo ISA igereranya na PCI nibindi bipimo bifasha gusobanura icyiciro cyayo buhoro buhoro muri comptabilite.

Imikorere no Kugereranya Umuvuduko

Ubwoko bwa bisi	Ubugari bwamakuru	Umuvuduko usanzwe	Gucomeka-na-Gukina Inkunga
UMWE (8/16-bit)	8-16 bits	~ 8 MB / s	Oya
KUBONA	32 bit	Kugera kuri 132 MB / s	Oya
PCI	32/64 bits	133 MB / s	Yego
PCIe	Urukurikirane (x1 - x16)	Kugera kuri GB / s	Yego

UMWE parallel bus yubatswe, imfashanyigisho Iboneza rya IRQ / DMA, kandi umuvuduko muke wahindutse icyuho cya periferi yihuta. Ibinyuranye, PCI yatangijwe Gucomeka no gukina, hejuru cyane, na bus bus, kwemerera ibikoresho kuvugana bitigenga kuri CPU.

Kuki PCI yasimbuye ISA

Umuvuduko mwinshi na inzira yagutse
Ibikoresho by'ibikoresho
Kunonosorwa ikimenyetso cy'ubunyangamugayo na amashanyarazi
Inkunga nziza kuri Multimedia, imiyoboro, na Igishushanyo cya 3D

Abandi bahiganwa

VESA Bus muri make yungutse ariko yabuze ubunini
AGP yatejwe imbere byumwihariko amakarita ya videwo
PCI Express ubu yiganje hamwe nuburyo bwububiko hamwe ninzira nini

Nubwo itagikoreshwa muri desktop igezweho, ISA ikomeje gukoreshwa imbere PC zo mu nganda, aho ubuzima burebure burigihe, imyitwarire idahwitse, na ibyuma bihamye Bashyizwe imbere kuruta imikorere. PCI na PCIe birashobora kuganza amasoko yimikorere, ariko kumurage hamwe nibisabwa, Ubworoherane bwa ISA ikomeje gutanga ubwizerwe butagereranywa mubidukikije bigenzurwa.

TWE. ISA Ibibanza mu nganda no gushyiramo porogaramu

Mugihe ibibanza bya ISA byazimiye muri PC zigezweho zabaguzi, biracyatangaje ngombwa muri sisitemu ya mudasobwa yashyizwemo inganda. Muri ibi bidukikije, gutsindagira ntabwo byihuta cyangwa imikorere igezweho, ariko kuri igihe kirekire, kugenzura, na ibyuma bihamye- aho Ikarita yo kwagura ISA komeza utere imbere.

Impamvu ISA Iracyakoreshwa munganda

Guhuza ibikoresho byumurage: Imashini nyinshi zinganda nintebe zipimisha ziracyashingira Ikarita ya ISA I / O. byateye imbere mu myaka mirongo ishize.
Ibicuruzwa birebire: Sisitemu yinganda zubatswe kuramba Imyaka 10–20 +, akenshi bisaba inkunga ihamye ya ibipimo byuma bishaje.
Imigaragarire y'amashanyarazi ihamye: UMWE 5V ibimenyetso, byagenwe Inshingano za IRQ / DMA, na bisi yoroshye igihe cyerekana imikorere ihamye mubidukikije.
Koresha ibisubizo byashizwemo: Bamwe mudasobwa imwe y'ubutegetsi (SBCs) na inyuma komeza ushiremo ibice bya ISA kugirango ushyigikire ibyuma byububiko.

Inganda zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu nganda:

Ahantu ho gusaba	Urugero rwibikoresho
Gukora uruganda	Digital I / O, igenzura ryimikorere amakarita ya ISA
Ikizamini & Igipimo	Ikarita yo gushaka amakuru (DAQ)
Sisitemu yo gutwara abantu	Itumanaho no kugenzura
Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga	Gukurikirana ibikoresho hamwe ninkunga yumurage
Sisitemu ya Gisirikare / Ikirere	Rugged ISA-yashizwemo abagenzuzi

Muri iyi mirenge, ikiguzi cyo kuzamura cyangwa gushushanya ibyuma kugirango ushyigikire bisi nshya nka PCIe Birashobora kuba hejuru. Nkigisubizo, inganda zububiko na agasanduku PC hamwe na ISA inkunga iracyakorwa nabacuruzi niche.

VII. Nigute Wamenya Ikibanza cya ISA kurububiko?

Kumenya an Ikibanza cya ISA kuri a ikibaho ni ngombwa kubatekinisiye bakorana Sisitemu Umurage, PC zo mu nganda, cyangwa retro imishinga yo kubara. Nubwo batakiboneka mubikoresho byabaguzi bigezweho, ibibanza bya ISA biracyagaragara ububiko bwihariye yubatswe yashyizwemo cyangwa Porogaramu.

Ibiranga umubiri bya ISA

Ibice bya ISA biroroshye kumenya iyo umaze kumenya icyo ushaka:

Uburebure: Mubisanzwe birebire kuruta PCI cyangwa PCIe Ahantu
Ibara: Mubisanzwe umukara cyangwa umukara wijimye
Ubwoko bwumuhuza:
- 8-bit ONE Ibibanza bifite Ingingo zo guhuza 62
- 16-bit UMWE Uturere twagutse hamwe na 98 pin, bikunze kugaragara nkibice bibiri

Uwiteka 16-bit ISA igaragara nkumuhuza muremure hamwe na a igice werekeza inyuma yinama. Ibibaho bimwe bishobora gushyigikirwa byombi PCI na ISA, uzabona rero imvange yubwoko butandukanye.

Umwanya Ahantu na Imiterere

Ahantu parallel Kuri mugenzi wawe mu murongo utambitse
Akenshi hafi yo hepfo ya AT cyangwa ATX
Biragaragara ko bitandukanijwe na PCI yera cyangwa bigufi PCIe Ahantu

X. Ibigezweho bigezweho

Nkuko ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere, ISA ahanini byavanyweho kugirango bishyigikire neza kandi byihuse nka PCI, PCIe, na USB. Nyamara, inganda nyinshi ziracyashingira umurage amakarita ya ISA kubutumwa bukomeye. Kugira ngo iki cyuho gikemuke, byinshi ubundi buryo bugezweho hamwe na ISA-kuri-PCI cyangwa USB adaptateur byagaragaye, bifasha ibyuma bishaje gukora muri sisitemu nshya.

ISA Ibindi muri sisitemu zigezweho:

Ikarita ya PCI / PCIe: Tanga umurongo mwinshi, Gucomeka no gukina inkunga, hamwe no guhuza neza na sisitemu y'imikorere igezweho.
USB ishingiye kuri I / O.: Simbuza amakarita ya ISA kugirango ubone amakuru, itumanaho ryuruhererekane, hamwe nimirimo ya I / O.
PC yashyizwemo PC hamwe ninkunga ya ISA: Bamwe mudasobwa zo mu nganda uracyashyiramo ibibanza bya ISA byo guhuza umurage.

XII. Umwanzuro: ISA iracyafite akamaro muri iki gihe?

Nubwo Ikibanza cya ISA kuva kera yasezeye muri PC zabaguzi, ikomeje kugira uruhare rugaragara muri kubara umurage, sisitemu yo kugenzura inganda, na Porogaramu. Mubidukikije aho ibyuma bihoraho, imikorere ya deterministic, na ubuzima burebure ikibazo kirenze umuvuduko, ISA ikomeza kuba interineti yizewe.

Aho ISA ikiri ngombwa:

PC zinganda zirimo rackmount pc, 4U rackmount pc, 2U rackmount pc, 1U pcikoreshwa muri uruganda rwikora, kugenzura icyerekezo, na gushaka amakuru
Sisitemu yo kuvura no mu kirere aho ibyemezo bifunga ibyuma byumurage
Kubara abaturage babungabunga sisitemu yamateka

Muri make, mugihe ISA itagitwara udushya twinshi, iragumana agaciro mumirenge niche he ituze na guhuza umurage ntibishobora kuganirwaho. Gusobanukirwa ningirakamaro ya ISA ifasha injeniyeri nabayobozi ba IT gufata ibyemezo neza mugihe ushyigikiye cyangwa wimuka sisitemu ishaje.