Ni ibihe bice bigize mudasobwa yo mu nganda?

Mudasobwa zo mu nganda ni urubuga rw'ingenzi rwo kugenzura no gutunganya amakuru mu buryo bugezweho bwo kwikora. Gusobanukirwa imiterere ya mudasobwa yo mu nganda ni bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo gusobanukirwa uko ikora, impamvu iguma ihamye mu bidukikije bigoye, n'uko ishyigikira imirimo itandukanye y'inganda. Mbere yo kureba ibice ubwabyo, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa icyo mudasobwa yo mu nganda ari cyo mu by'ukuri. Mudasobwa yo mu nganda ni mudasobwa yagenewe ibidukikije by'inganda n'imirimo myinshi y'inganda. Ugereranyije na mudasobwa zisanzwe zo mu biro, ubusanzwe yubakiwe kwizerwa cyane, ituze neza, ihindagurika cyane mu bidukikije, kandi yoroshye guhuza n'imirimo yo kugenzura, kugenzura, no gutunganya amakuru. Niyo mpamvu mudasobwa zo mu nganda zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, gutwara abantu, ingufu, itumanaho, kureba imashini, kwikora, n'izindi nzego z'inganda. Si mudasobwa zikoreshwa muri rusange gusa zishyirwa mu nganda. Ni urubuga rwa mudasobwa rwatoranijwe kugira ngo ruhuze n'ibikenewe mu nganda nko gukora buri gihe, gusubiza mu buryo bwihuse, kwagura umurongo, no guhagarara igihe kirekire. Iyi nkuru isobanura ibice by'ingenzi bya mudasobwa yo mu nganda kandi itanga ishusho isobanutse y'uko ibyo bice bikora hamwe mu bikorwa by'inganda.

Igice cyo gutunganya ibikoresho (CPU) ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cya mudasobwa zo mu nganda. Gishinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza no gutunganya amakuru, kikaba kirimo igice cya logique y'imibare (ALU), igice cyo kugenzura (CU), n'amakarita. Ingufu z'imikorere ya CPU n'uburyo ikora bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere rusange ya mudasobwa zo mu nganda. Mu gihe uhitamo mudasobwa yo mu nganda, CPU ntigomba gupimwa gusa hakurikijwe imiterere yayo. Igomba kandi guhuzwa n'umusaruro nyirizina, nko kugenzura imikorere, kureba imashini, gusesengura impande, gukurikirana, cyangwa itumanaho ry'inganda. Guhitamo CPU bikwiye bifasha kwirinda imikorere idahwitse no gukabya cyane.

Random Access Memory (RAM) ni igikoresho cyo kubika amakuru by'agateganyo gikoreshwa na mudasobwa zo mu nganda mu kubika amakuru na porogaramu, bigatuma CPU ibasha kubona amakuru n'amabwiriza byihuse. RAM igabanyijemo ububiko bw'ibanze n'ububiko bw'ububiko. Ubwoko busanzwe bw'ububiko bw'ibanze ni Random Access Memory (RAM) na Read-Only Memory (ROM). Cache memory nayo igira uruhare mu kunoza imikorere myiza yo kubona amakuru, mu gihe ububiko bw'ibanze bushyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda ya buri munsi. Mu buryo bufatika, ububiko bugira ingaruka ku buryo mudasobwa yo mu nganda ishobora gukoresha porogaramu zo mu nganda, ibikoresho byo kwerekana amakuru, no gutunganya amakuru mu buryo buhoraho.

Disiki zikomeye ni ibikoresho byo kubika no kugarura amakuru igihe kirekire. Mudasobwa zo mu nganda zikoresha disiki zikomeye (SSDs) cyangwa disiki zikomeye z’ikoranabuhanga (HDDs). Zitanga umwanya uhagije wo kubika porogaramu, porogaramu, dosiye zo gushyiraho amakuru, n’amakuru. Mu mishinga myinshi y’inganda, SSD zirakundwa kuko akenshi zitanga amakuru yihuta, umuvuduko wo gutangira vuba, kandi zirwanya guhungabana neza ugereranije na disiki zikomeye. Ariko, HDD zishobora gukomeza kurebwa aho ubushobozi bwo kubika bukenewe ku giciro gito. Guhitamo ububiko bigomba guhuzwa n’uburyo nyabwo bwo kubikoresha. Urugero, sisitemu zikoresha amakuru y’amashusho, amateka, ububiko bw’amakuru bwo mu gace runaka, cyangwa inyandiko z’ibikorwa by’igihe kirekire zishobora gusaba uburyo bwo kubika bwinshi kandi burambye.

Imirongo yo kwagura ni uburyo bwo guhuza no gushyiramo amakarita atandukanye yo kwagura. Imirongo yo kwagura ishobora kongera imikorere n'imikorere ya mudasobwa zo mu nganda, urugero, hakoreshejwe amakarita y'ibishushanyo, amakarita yo guhuza umuyoboro, amakarita yo kubona amakuru, nibindi. Ubwoko busanzwe bw'imirongo yo kwagura burimo PCI, PCIe, nibindi. Iri ni rimwe mu tandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati ya mudasobwa nyinshi zo mu nganda na mudasobwa zisanzwe zikoreshwa. Mu mishinga y'inganda, ubushobozi bwo kwagura sisitemu akenshi ni ingenzi kuko ibikenewe mu mushinga bishobora kuba birimo imiyoboro y'inyongera, amakarita ya fieldbus, inkunga ya GPU, amakarita ya machine vision, cyangwa modules zo kugenzura zihariye. Mudasobwa ifite ubushobozi bwo kwagura bukwiye yoroshye guhuza n'ibisabwa mu mushinga kandi ishobora kugabanya gukenera gusimbuza ibikoresho byose nyuma.

Imiyoboro y'ibikoresho byinjira n'ibisohoka yemerera mudasobwa y'inganda guhanahana amakuru no kuvugana n'ibikoresho byo hanze. Iyi miyoboro ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho amakuru mu buryo bufatika kuko mudasobwa y'inganda idakunze kubaho ukwayo. Imiyoboro isanzwe y'ibikoresho irimo clavier, imbeba, ecran zo mu bwoko bwa ecran, scanners, sensors, na modules zo kugura. Imiyoboro isanzwe y'ibikoresho irimo monitors, printer, audio outputs, na network interfaces. Mudasobwa zo mu nganda zishobora kandi gutanga ports serial, USB ports, HDMI, LAN ports, GPIO, n'izindi interfaces zo mu nganda. Iyi miyoboro yemerera mudasobwa zo mu nganda gukorana neza n'abakoresha, controllers, sensors, ecrans, na sisitemu zikikije. Mu bikorwa byinshi by'inganda, guhitamo interface ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byo kugura. Mudasobwa ishobora gukenera guhuza na PLCs, kamera zo mu nganda, ibikoresho byo kugenzura, abasomyi ba barcode, ecrans, ibikoresho byo mu nganda, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byo kugenzura. Niba imiterere y'imiyoboro idahuye n'ibisabwa mu gushyiraho, ndetse na platform ikomeye ya CPU ishobora kuba atari yo mahitamo meza.

Ingufu zitanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikenewe kugira ngo mudasobwa yo mu nganda ikore. Mu nganda, ireme ry'amashanyarazi ni ingenzi cyane kuko kudahindagurika kw'amashanyarazi, urusaku rw'amashanyarazi, no kubangamirana bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo sisitemu ikora neza. Mudasobwa zo mu nganda zikunze gukenera ingufu zihamye kandi zizewe kugira ngo zihuze n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi mu nganda n'imikorere yazo irambye. Ingufu zizewe zikora ibirenze gufungura mudasobwa gusa. Ifasha gushyigikira imikorere ihamye, igabanya ibyago byo kuzimya ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, kandi ikongera ubuziranenge bwa sisitemu mu duce dushobora kubahomo ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi cyangwa kubangamirana kwa electromagnetic.

Sisitemu y'imikorere ni urubuga rw'ingenzi rwa porogaramu za mudasobwa zo mu nganda. Icunga umutungo wa mudasobwa kandi igashyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya porogaramu. Sisitemu zisanzwe zikoreshwa muri mudasobwa zo mu nganda zirimo sisitemu za Windows, Linux, na sisitemu zikoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo.

• Imishinga itandukanye y’inganda ishobora gusaba sisitemu zitandukanye z’imikorere. Windows ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda kuko itanga porogaramu nyinshi zihuye, uburyo bwo kuyikoresha buzwi, kandi ikaba ishyigikira gukurikirana, kugenzura, gukoresha imashini zikoresha abantu, gushaka amakuru no kuyatunganya.
• Linux ikoreshwa cyane mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga kuko ari urubuga rufunguye, ruhamye, rworoshye, kandi rujyanye neza na porogaramu zisaba guhindura no kwizerwa. Ikunze gukoreshwa muri sisitemu zishyirwa mu bikorwa, mu buryo bwikora mu nganda, no kuri porogaramu zijyanye na interineti.

Porogaramu zimwe na zimwe zo mu nganda zishobora kandi gukoresha Kylin cyangwa sisitemu z’imikorere zihariye, cyane cyane aho gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wabyo, ibisabwa mu mutekano, cyangwa imiterere ya porogaramu yihariye y’umushinga ari ingenzi. Ibi bivuze ko sisitemu y’imikorere idakwiye gufatwa nk’amahitamo ya porogaramu yihariye. Igomba gutoranywa hamwe n’ibikoresho, aho porogaramu zihurira, ibisabwa mu porogaramu, n’intego zo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga.

Ibice bya mudasobwa yo mu nganda hamwe bigize urubuga ruhamye kandi rufatika rwo gukoresha mu buryo bwikora mu nganda no gutunganya amakuru mu nganda. Gusobanukirwa neza ibi bice bifasha abakoresha gusobanukirwa neza uburyo mudasobwa zo mu nganda bikora n'impamvu zikwiriye ahantu hagoye. Muri icyo gihe, ibice bya mudasobwa yo mu nganda ntibigomba gufatwa nk'urutonde rworoheje rw'ibikoresho. Bigaragaza ibisabwa muri rusange mu nganda: kwizerwa, gusubiza mu buryo bufatika, kwaguka, koroshya kubungabunga, no guhuza ibintu. Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma mudasobwa yo mu nganda, abaguzi bagomba kureba kure y'urutonde rw'ibipimo bakareba uburyo buri gice gishyigikira ibidukikije nyabyo byo gukoresha. Iryo ni ryo pfundo ryo guhitamo urubuga rudakomeye gusa ku mpapuro, ahubwo rufite n'ingirakamaro mu ikoreshwa ry'inganda mu gihe kirekire.

Menya byinshi ku bicuruzwa byacu:

Kompyuta yo mu nganda ya Rackmount
Mudasobwa yo gushyiramo 1U Rack-Plack
Mudasobwa ntoya yashyizwemo
Mudasobwa yo gushyiramo 2U Rack
Mudasobwa zigendanwa za gisirikare ziragurishwa