Te Pūtukatuka Rorohiko Tere Rawa: He Aratohu Whānui

I tēnei wā o te tere o te whanaketanga hangarau, kua tino hira te rapunga ki te whakatau ko tēhea te tukatuka rorohiko tere rawa atu. Kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te mana tukatuka i roto i ngā pūnaha rorohiko hou. Ahakoa he kēmu teitei te tono, he rangahau pūtaiao, he whakakaha rānei i ngā tauira AI matatau, he mea nui te CPU pakari.

Ka pāngia te tere o te tukatuka e ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te hoahoa maramara, te maha o ngā transistors, te pai o te mana, me te Ture a Moore. Ka whakaterehia e tēnei aratohu whānui te whenua o ngā tukatuka tere rawa atu puta noa i ngā kāwai rerekē pēnei i te rorohiko papamahi, te pona, te tūmau, me ngā tukatuka rorohiko nui. Ka rukuhia e ia wāhanga ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te tere o te CPU me te hoahoa tukatuka, kia mārama ake ai koe ki ngā mea e akiaki ana i te mahi i ia rohe.

Rārangi Kaupapa

• 1. Ngā Pūtukatuka Papamahi Tere Rawa
• 2. Ngā Pūtukatuka Pona Tere Rawa
• 3. Ngā Pūtukatuka Tūmau Tere Rawa
• 4. Ngā Pūtukatuka Rorohiko Tere Rawa
• 5. Ngā Inenga Mahi me ngā Paearu
• 6. AMD vs. Intel: Te Reihi Mahi
• 7. Te Kōwhiri i te Pūtukatuka Tika mō ō Hiahia

kī tango

He mea tino nui te hiranga o te mana tukatuka i roto i ngā tono rorohiko maha.

He maha ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hoahoa maramara me te maha o ngā transistors ka pā ki te tere o te tukatuka.

E kapi ana tēnei aratohu i ngā tukatuka tere rawa mō ngā rorohiko papamahi, ngā pona, ngā tūmau, me ngā rorohiko nui.

Ka tātarihia ia kāwai tukatuka mō ōna inenga mahi ahurei me ngā paearu.

Mā te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga ka āwhina i a koe ki te whakatau whai whakaaro i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi tukatuka.

Ngā Pūtukatuka Papamahi Tere Rawa

Mō ngā tukatuka rorohiko papamahi tere rawa atu e wātea ana i ēnei rā, he maha ngā tuku whakamīharo a AMD me Intel e pana ana i ngā rohe o te mahi. Ko ngā tukatuka *Intel Xeon* me *AMD EPYC* e tū ana hei whakataetae matua i te mākete, e waiho ana hei whiringa rongonui mā ngā kaiwhaiwhai me ngā tohunga ngaio.

Ko tētahi mea nui hei aromatawai i ēnei tukatuka ko tō rātou *auau karaka*. He nui ngā auau karaka o ngā tauira Xeon hou a Intel, ā, he tere whakamiharo ēnei mō ngā tono miro-kotahi me ngā tono miro-maha. Mā ēnei auau karaka teitei ka tere ake te whakahaere i ngā mahi, ka pai ake te urupare whānui o te pūnaha.

I tētahi atu taha, e mōhiotia ana ngā tukatuka EPYC a AMD mō te nui o ā rātou matua, he mea nui mō te whakahaere i ngā kawenga mahi maha-miro. Mā te noho mai o ngā matua maha i roto i tētahi *tukatuka maha-matua* ka tino whakanui ake i tōna kaha ki te mahi tukatuka whakarara, ka tino whai hua mō ngā mahi pēnei i te whakaputa ataata me ngā whakatauira pūtaiao.

Ngā Pūtukatuka Pona Tere Rawa

Kei te whanake tonuhia ngā tukatuka pona hei whakataurite i te mahi tino pai me te whai huatanga o te mana e hiahiatia ana mō ngā taputapu kawe. E whakaatu ana te mākete o ēnei rā i te hoahoa x86 me ngā tukatuka ringa e whakataetae ana ki te whakarato i te mahi tino pai i roto i ngā here o te hoahoa wera me te roa o te pākahiko.

Ko ētahi o ngā tukatuka pona tere rawa atu e wātea ana i tēnei wā ko te Intel's Core i9-11980HK me te Apple's M1 Max. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga mahi a ēnei tukatuka, e whakamahi ana i ngā whanaketanga o te hoahoa x86 me te hoahoa tukatuka ringa. Ka mau tonu te mana o ngā tukatuka teitei a Intel ki te mākete me ngā tere karaka whakamiharo me ngā āheinga mahi maha. I tetahi atu taha, ko te M1 Max a Apple, i hangaia i runga i te hoahoa ARM, e whakanuia whānuitia ana mō tōna pai o te mana me te hoahoa wera, e waiho ana hei kaiwhakataetae kaha i roto i te ao tukatuka pona.

He nui ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā kaihanga i roto i te whakahaere i te hoahoa wera mō ngā tukatuka pona mahi-teitei. He mea nui te tohatoha wera i roto i ēnei taputapu kiato hei pupuri i te mahi tino pai me te whakarite i te whakamarie o te kaiwhakamahi. Ko ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā pūnaha whakamatao matatau, ngā tikanga whakaheke wera whai hua, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi atanga wera kounga teitei he otinga e whakamahia whānuitia ana.

Ko te whai huatanga o te hiko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui, me te arotahi o ngā tukatuka hou ki te arotau i te whakapaunga hiko hei whakaroa i te roa o te pākahiko. Kei roto i te hoahoa x86 me ngā tukatuka ringa ngā hangarau whakahaere hiko whakauru e whakarerekē ana i ngā tautuhinga mahi i runga i te kawenga mahi, e tino urutau ai ēnei tukatuka mō ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi.

Ngā Pūtukatuka Tūmau Tere Rawa

I roto i te ao o ngā CPU taumata-tūmau, kua whakarārangihia e ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau haurua-ira te huarahi mō te mahi tino pai. He tino āta hangaia ēnei tukatuka hei whakahaere i te nui o ngā raraunga e tukuna ana me ngā kawenga tauwhitinga nui, e whakaatu ana he mea nui mō ngā tono hinonga nui me ngā hiahia rorohiko kapua.

Ko ngā pūnaha tukatuka tūmau matua ko te EPYC a AMD me te raupapa Xeon a Intel.

E whakaatu ana ngā raupapa e rua i ngā pūkenga nui ki te whakahaere i te rere o ngā raraunga, me te arotau hoki i te whakapaunga pūngao. He mea nui tēnei i te mea e rapu ana ngā whakahaere ki te whakataurite i te mahi me te oranga tonutanga.

He mea nui te AMD EPYC 7763 me te Intel Xeon Platinum 8380. Ka whakamahia e ēnei tukatuka te hangarau haurua-ā-ira matatau hei whakarato i te mana rorohiko me te whai huatanga o te pūngao.

Mā ēnei tukatuka ka taea e ngā kamupene te tukatuka tere me te pono i ngā raraunga maha, ā, ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga me te mahi. Koinei te pou tokomanawa o ngā pokapū raraunga o ēnei rā, e tuku ana i ngā otinga pakari ka taea te whakawhanui me te pumau.

Ngā Pūtukatuka Rorohiko Tere Rawa

Ko te ao o te rorohiko nui e whakahaerehia ana e ngā tukatuka whakamiharo e pana ana i ngā rohe o te mahi. Ko ngā rorohiko nui rongonui pērā i a Fugaku, El Capitan, Frontier, me LUMI e whakakahangia ana e ngā tukatuka matatau e ārahi ana i ngā tūtohi mahi o te ao. E whakaatu ana ēnei pūnaha i ngā āheinga rorohiko whakamiharo, e tae ana ki ngā taumata e inehia ana i roto i ngā petaflops, ā, kua whakaritea kia pakaru ki te rohe exascale.

He mea nui te paearu HPL ki te whakatau i te tūranga o tētahi rorohiko nui i runga i te rārangi Top500. Ka aromatawaihia e tēnei paearu te whai huatanga o te tukatuka i roto i te whakahaere i ngā mahi pūwāhi-mōkito ia hekona (flops), e whakaatu ana i te kaha rorohiko mata o ēnei pūnaha. Ko ngā rorohiko nui pērā i a Fugaku, e tū ana i te tihi o te rārangi Top500, e whakaatu ana i te pūkenga o ngā tukatuka matatau ki te tuku i te nui o te putanga rorohiko.

Kei te akiakihia ngā rorohiko tino matatau e ngā whanaketanga hangarau kia tata atu ki te paepae exascale, ka taea e rātou te mahi i ngā tataunga quintillion ia hekona. Ka tautokona ēnei whanaketanga e ngā hoahoanga auaha me ngā waeine tukatuka kua hangaia hei whakahaere i ngā kawenga rorohiko tino nui. E matapaetia ana ko ngā pūnaha El Capitan me Frontier e haere ake nei hei upoko mō tēnei whakawhiti ki te wā exascale, e whakaatu ana i ngā taumata mahi onge.

He mea nui ki tēnei mahi teitei ko ngā hangarau hononga pēnei i a Cray EX, e whakahaere ana i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pai i waenga i ngā mano tini o ngā pūnga tukatuka. Kua hangaia ēnei hononga hei whakaiti i te whakaroa me te whakanui ake i te putanga, kia pai ai te mahi a ngā rorohiko nui ki ō rātou taumata mahi tino pai. Mā te mahi tahi o te mana tukatuka me te pai o te hononga ka hangaia te mahi pakari e kitea ana i roto i ngā rorohiko nui o ēnei rā.

Kei raro nei he whakataurite o ētahi o ngā tukatuka rorohiko tere rawa atu o te ao:

Ngā Inenga Mahi me ngā Paearu