Porosesa ya mudasobwa yihuta cyane: Ubuyobozi bwuzuye

Muri iki gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga, gushaka kumenya poroseseri ya mudasobwa yihuta cyane ntibyigeze biba ingenzi cyane kurusha iyi. Akamaro k’ingufu zo gutunganya muri sisitemu za mudasobwa zigezweho ntikagombye gukabya. Porogaramu yaba ari imikino yo ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, cyangwa gukoresha moderi za AI zigezweho, CPU ikomeye ni ngombwa cyane.

Iterambere ry'umuvuduko wa poroseseri riterwa n'ibintu bitandukanye, birimo imiterere ya chip, umubare wa transistor, imikorere myiza y'ingufu, na Moore's Law. Iyi nyandiko yuzuye izanyura mu miterere ya poroseseri zihuta mu byiciro bitandukanye nka mudasobwa zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, seriveri, na supercomputer. Buri gice kizasuzuma umwihariko w'umuvuduko wa CPU n'imiterere ya poroseseri, biguhe ubumenyi bwimbitse ku gitera imikorere muri buri shami.

Ibikubiye muri iyi nyandiko

• 1. Porogaraje za mudasobwa zikoresha mudasobwa zihuta cyane
• 2. Porogaraje zigendanwa zihuta cyane
• 3. Porosesa za Seriveri zihuta cyane
• 4. Porosesa za Supercomputer zihuta cyane
• 5. Ibipimo by'imikorere n'ibipimo ngenderwaho
• 6. AMD vs. Intel: Irushanwa ry'Imikorere
• 7. Guhitamo Porosesa Ikwiriye Ibikenewe

ibiryo by'ingenzi

Akamaro k'ingufu zo gutunganya ni ingenzi cyane mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukoresha mudasobwa.

Ibintu byinshi nk'imiterere ya chips n'ibarura rya transistor bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wa poroseseri.

Iyi mfashanyigisho ikubiyemo uburyo bwihuse bwo gutunganya porogaramu za mudasobwa zigendanwa, seriveri, na mudasobwa zikomeye.

Buri cyiciro cya poroseseri kizasesengurwa hakurikijwe ibipimo byihariye by'imikorere n'ibipimo ngenderwaho.

Gusobanukirwa ibi bintu bishobora gufasha mu gufata icyemezo gishingiye ku makuru mu gihe uhitamo icyuma gitunganya amashanyarazi.

Porosesa za mudasobwa zihuta cyane

Ku bijyanye na poroseseri za mudasobwa zigezweho zihuta cyane ziboneka muri iki gihe, AMD na Intel zifite serivisi nziza zituma habaho imikorere myiza. Poroseseri za *Intel Xeon* na *AMD EPYC* zigaragara nk'izihanganye cyane ku isoko, bigatuma zikundwa n'abazikunda ndetse n'abanyamwuga.

Ikintu kimwe cy'ingenzi mu gusuzuma izi poroseseri ni *umuvuduko wazo w'isaha*. Moderi za Xeon zigezweho za Intel zifite umuvuduko mwinshi w'isaha, zigatanga umuvuduko utangaje kandi w'ingenzi cyane haba ku mivuduko imwe n'imivuduko myinshi. Izi mivuduko miremire y'isaha ituma imirimo ikorwa vuba, bikongera ubushobozi bwo gusubiza ibintu muri rusange.

Ku rundi ruhande, poroseseri za AMD za EPYC zizwiho kuba zifite umubare munini w’ishingiro, bikaba ari ingenzi mu gutunganya imirimo myinshi ifite imigozi myinshi. Kuba hari ishingiro nyinshi muri poroseseri *ifite ishingiro ry’i ...

Porosesa za mudasobwa zigendanwa zihuta cyane

Poroteyineri zigendanwa zikomeje guterwa imbere kugira ngo zihuze imikorere myiza n'ubushobozi buhanitse bukenewe ku bikoresho bigendanwa. Isoko ry'uyu munsi rigaragaza imiterere ya x86 na poroteyineri zo mu ntoki zihanganye cyane kugira ngo zitange imikorere myiza mu buryo bujyanye n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe n'igihe bateri ikorera.

Zimwe muri poroseseri za mudasobwa zigendanwa zihuta cyane ziboneka ubu harimo Intel's Core i9-11980HK na Apple's M1 Max. Izi poroseseri zifite imikorere idasanzwe, zikoresha iterambere mu bwubatsi bwa x86 ndetse no mu gushushanya poroseseri y'intoki. Poroseseri nziza za Intel zigumana imbaraga zazo ku isoko hamwe n'umuvuduko utangaje w'isaha n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byinshi icyarimwe. Ku rundi ruhande, Apple's M1 Max, yubatswe ku bwubatsi bwa ARM, irashimwa cyane kubera ubushobozi bwayo butangaje bwo gukoresha ingufu n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe, bigatuma iba ihanganirwa cyane mu bwubatsi bwa poroseseri za mudasobwa zigendanwa.

Abakora ibikoresho bahura n'imbogamizi zikomeye mu gucunga imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bikoresha mudasobwa zigendanwa bifite imikorere myiza. Gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe muri ibyo bikoresho bito ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo imikorere ikomeze kuba myiza no gutuma ababikoresha bamererwa neza. Ubuhanga nka sisitemu zigezweho zo gukonjesha, uburyo bwiza bwo gukonjesha ubushyuhe, no gukoresha ibikoresho byiza byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo guhuza ubushyuhe ni ibisubizo bikunze gukoreshwa.

Gukoresha neza ingufu ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi, aho poroseseri zigezweho zibanda ku kunoza ikoreshwa ry'ingufu kugira ngo bateri yongere igihe cyo kubaho. Inyubako ya x86 na poroseseri zombi zifite ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho ryo gucunga ingufu rihindura imiterere y'imikorere hashingiwe ku murimo, bigatuma izi poroseseri zihuzwa neza n'ibyo abakoresha bakeneye.

Porosesa za Seriveri zihuta cyane

Mu rwego rwa CPU zo mu rwego rwa seriveri, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor ryatanze inzira yo gukora neza cyane. Izi poroseseri zakozwe neza cyane kugira ngo zikore neza mu gucunga amakuru menshi ndetse no mu bikorwa byinshi byo gucuruza, bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu bikorwa binini by’ubucuruzi ndetse no mu bijyanye na mudasobwa mu bicu.

Itsinda riyoboye muri porogaramu za EPYC za AMD na Xeon za Intel ni EPYC.

Ibi biganiro byombi bigaragaza ubushobozi bunini mu gucunga uburyo amakuru atangwa mu gihe binoza cyane ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe ibigo bikomeje gushaka kuringaniza imikorere n’uburambe.

Ikigaragara ni uko AMD EPYC 7763 na Intel Xeon Platinum 8380 ari byo bidasanzwe. Izi poroseseri zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya semiconductor kugira ngo zitange ingufu zihanitse zo kubara no gukoresha neza ingufu.

Abatunganya amakuru nk'aya bemeza ko ibigo bishobora gutunganya amakuru menshi vuba kandi mu buryo bwizewe, bityo bikanongera imikorere myiza n'imikorere. Ibi ni byo nkingi y'ibigo by'amakuru byo muri iki gihe, bitanga ibisubizo bikomeye kandi birambye.

Porosesa za Supercomputer zihuta cyane

Isi ya supercomputer iyobowe na poroseseri zitangaje zishyira imipaka y'imikorere. Simuroboro zizwi nka Fugaku, El Capitan, Frontier, na LUMI zikoreshwa na poroseseri zigezweho ziyoboye imbonerahamwe y'imikorere ku isi. Izi sisitemu zigaragaza ubushobozi budasanzwe mu kubara, akenshi zigera ku rwego rupimwe muri petaflops kandi zigashyirwa mu rwego rwa exascale.

Igipimo cya HPL gikora uruhare runini mu kugena aho mudasobwa nini iri ku rutonde rwa Top500. Iki gipimo gisuzuma imikorere ya poroseseri mu gukora ibikorwa bya floating-point ku isegonda (flops), kigaragaza imbaraga z’ubuhanga bw’izi sisitemu. Simudasobwa nka Fugaku, iza ku isonga ku rutonde rwa Top500, zigaragaza ubuhanga bwa poroseseri zigezweho mu gutanga umusaruro mwinshi mu kubara.

Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ririmo gutuma mudasobwa zikomeye zegera urwego rwa exascale, aho zishobora gukora ibarura rya quintillion ku isegonda. Iri terambere riterwa inkunga n’imiterere mishya n’ibikoresho bitunganya byagenewe guhangana n’imirimo ikabije yo kubara. Sisitemu za El Capitan na Frontier ziteganijwe ko zizayobora iyi mpinduka mu gihe cya exascale, zigaragaza urwego rw’imikorere rutigeze rubaho.

Icy'ingenzi muri ubu buryo bwo gukora neza ni ikoranabuhanga rya interconnection nka Cray EX, ryoroshya itumanaho ritagoramye hagati y’ibihumbi by’uduce twa poroseseri. Izi interconnections zagenewe kugabanya gutinda no kongera umusaruro, zigatuma mudasobwa zikomeye zikora ku rwego rwazo rwiza. Ubufatanye bw’ingufu zo gutunganya no gukoresha neza interconnection butuma habaho imikorere myiza igaragara muri mudasobwa zikomeye zo muri iki gihe.

Hasi aha hari igereranya rya zimwe muri porogaramu zikora mudasobwa nini zihuta cyane ku isi:

Ibipimo n'Ingero by'Imikorere