Muchina weKombuta Unokurumidza Kupfuura Yese: Gwaro Rakazara

Munguva ino yekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi nekukurumidza, kutsvaga kuti ndeipi processor yekombuta inokurumidza kupfuura iyi hakuna kumbove kwakakosha kupfuura izvi. Kukosha kwesimba rekugadzirisa mumasisitimu emazuva ano ekombuta hakugone kutaurwa zvakanyanya. Ingave application yacho iri yemitambo yepamusoro, tsvakurudzo yesainzi, kana kusimudzira mamodheru epamusoro eAI, CPU yakasimba inokosha.

Kushanduka kwekumhanya kweprosesa kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira dhizaini yemachip, huwandu hwetransistor, kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, uye Moore's Law. Gwaro iri rakazara richaongorora mamiriro emaprosesa anomhanya kwazvo muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvakaita sedesktop, laptop, server, uye supercomputer processors. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chichaongorora zvakadzama nezvekumhanya kweCPU nekugadzirwa kweprosesa, zvichikupa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinosimudzira mashandiro muchikamu chimwe nechimwe.

Zviri Mukati

• 1. Mapurosesa eDesktop Anokurumidza Kupfuura
• 2. Mapurosesa eLaptop Anokurumidza Kupfuura
• 3. Mapurosesa eSeva Anokurumidza
• 4. Mapurosesa eSupercomputer Anokurumidza Kupfuura
• 5. Magadzirirwo Ebasa Nezviratidzo
• 6. AMD vs. Intel: Mujaho weKushanda
• 7. Kusarudza Purosesa Yakakodzera Zvaunoda

key yekutora

Kukosha kwesimba rekugadzirisa zvinhu kwakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emakombiyuta.

Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvakaita semagadzirirwo echip uye huwandu hwetransistor zvinokanganisa kumhanya kwe processor.

Gwaro iri rinotsanangura mapurosesa anokurumidza kupfuura ese emakomputa, malaptop, maserver, uye masupercomputer.

Chikamu chega chega che processor chichaongororwa nekuda kwezviyero zvaro zvekushanda uye mabhenji.

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunogona kubatsira pakusarudza processor zvine ruzivo.

Mapurosesa eDesktop Anokurumidza Kupfuura

Kana zvasvika kune mapurosesa edesktop anokurumidza kuwanikwa nhasi, ese ari maviri AMD neIntel ane zvigadzirwa zvinokwezva zvinosimudzira miganhu yekushanda. Mapurosesa e *Intel Xeon* ne *AMD EPYC* anoonekwa seanokwikwidza zvakanyanya pamusika, zvichiita kuti ave sarudzo dzakakurumbira kune vanofarira uye nyanzvi zvakafanana.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakuongorora ma processor aya i *clock frequency* yavo. MaXeon models eIntel matsva ane ma frequency ewachi akakwira, achibudirira kumhanya kunoshamisa kwakakosha kune ese ari maviri ane thread imwe chete uye akawanda ane thread. Ma frequency ewachi akakwira aya anogonesa kuitwa kwemabasa nekukurumidza, zvichiwedzera kugona kwesystem yese.

Kune rumwe rutivi, mapurosesa eEpyc eAMD anozivikanwa nekuverenga kwawo macore akawanda, ayo akakosha pakubata mabasa ane threaded akawanda. Kuvapo kwemacore akawanda mu *multi-core processor* kunowedzera zvakanyanya kugona kwayo kuita parallel processing, zvichiita kuti ishande zvakanaka pamabasa akadai sekuita vhidhiyo uye simulations yesainzi.

Mapurosesa eLaptop Anokurumidza Kupfuura

Mapurosesa emakombiyuta emakombiyuta ari kugara achigadzirwa kuti aenzanise kushanda zvakanaka kwemafoni nekushanda nesimba kunodiwa pamidziyo inotakurika. Musika wanhasi unoratidza magadzirirwo emakombiyuta e x86 uye mapurosesa emaoko achikwikwidzana zvakasimba kuti ape kushanda kwakanakisisa mukati memiganhu yekugadzirwa kwemafuta uye hupenyu hwebhatiri.

Mamwe emalaptop processor anokurumidza kuwanikwa pari zvino anosanganisira Intel's Core i9-11980HK neApple's M1 Max. Malaptop processor aya anoratidza hunhu hwakanaka hwekushanda, achishandisa kufambira mberi mu x86 architecture uye arm processor design. MaIntel processors epamusoro-soro anoramba achitonga pamusika nekumhanya kunoshamisa kwewachi uye kugona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, Apple's M1 Max, yakavakirwa paARM architecture, inorumbidzwa zvikuru nekuda kwekushanda kwayo nesimba uye dhizaini yekupisa, zvichiita kuti ive makwikwi akasimba mulaptop processor arena.

Vagadziri vanosangana nematambudziko makuru mukugadzirisa magadzirirwo ekupisa kwema laptop processors anoshanda zvakanyanya. Kupisa kupisa mumidziyo yakadaro kwakakosha kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti mushandisi anofara. Matekiniki akadai semasisitimu ekutonhodza epamusoro, mashandiro anoshanda ekupisa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro zvekupisa ndiwo mhinduro dzinowanzo shandiswa.

Kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi chimwe chinhu chakakosha, nemapurosesa emazuva ano anotarisa pakuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimba kuti bhatiri rirambe richirarama. Mapurosesa ese e x86 architecture uye arm ane matekinoroji ekugadzirisa simba akabatanidzwa ayo anogadzirisa mashandiro zvichienderana nebasa, zvichiita kuti mapurosesa aya akwanise kuchinjika zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevashandisi vakasiyana-siyana.

Mapurosesa eSeva Anokurumidza

Munyaya yemaCPU emhando yeserver, kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji ye semiconductor kwakagadzira nzira yekushanda kusingaenzaniswi. Ma processor aya akagadzirwa zvine hungwaru kuti akwanise kubata data rakawanda uye kutakura zvinhu zvakawanda, zvichiratidza kuti zvakakosha kumapurogiramu makuru ebhizinesi uye zvinodiwa pamakombiyuta.

Mapurosesa epa server anotungamira muEPC iEPYC yeAMD neXeon yeIntel.

Mapurogiramu ese ari maviri anoratidza kugona kukuru mukutarisira kuburitswa kwedata ukuwo achinyatso gadzirisa kushandiswa kwesimba. Izvi zvakakosha sezvo masangano achiwedzera kutsvaga kuenzanisa mashandiro nekugara kwenguva refu.

Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti AMD EPYC 7763 neIntel Xeon Platinum 8380 zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya. Ma processor aya anoshandisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano ye semiconductor kuti ape simba repamusoro remakombiyuta uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba.

Vagadziri vakadaro vanoita kuti makambani agone kugadzirisa data rakawanda nekukurumidza uye zvakavimbika, nokudaro vachivandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye mashandiro. Aya ndiwo musimboti wenzvimbo dzedata dzanhasi, vachipa mhinduro dzakasimba dzinogona kuwedzerwa uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.

Mapurosesa eSupercomputer Anokurumidza Kupfuura

Nyika ye supercomputer inotungamirwa nema processor anoshamisa anosundira miganhu yekushanda. Ma supercomputer anozivikanwa akadai seFugaku, El Capitan, Frontier, uye LUMI anotsigirwa nema processor epamusoro anotungamira machati ekushanda kwepasi rose. Masisitimu aya anoratidza kugona kukuru kwekuverenga, kazhinji kusvika padanho rakayerwa mu petaflops uye akaiswa kupinda munzvimbo ye exascale.

Chiyero cheHPL chinoita basa guru pakuona nzvimbo yekombuta huru pane runyorwa rweTop500. Chiyero ichi chinoongorora kushanda kwepurosesa mukuita mashandiro efloating-point pasekondi (flops), zvichiratidza simba remakombuta aya. Makombuta makuru akaita seFugaku, ayo ari pamusoro perunyorwa rweTop500, anoratidza hunyanzvi hwemapurosesa epamusoro mukupa huwandu hwakawanda hwemakombuta.

Kubudirira kwetekinoroji kuri kuita kuti ma supercomputers aswedere pedyo ne exascale threshold, kwavanogona kuita ma quintillion calculation pasekondi. Kufambira mberi uku kuri kukurudzirwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye mayuniti ekugadzirisa akagadzirirwa kubata mabasa akaomarara ekuverenga. Masisitimu eEl Capitan neFrontier ari kuuya anotarisirwa kutungamira shanduko iyi kupinda munguva ye exascale, ichiratidza mazinga ekushanda asina kumboitika.

Chinhu chakakosha pakushanda kwepamusoro uku matekinoroji ekubatanidza akadai seCray EX, ayo anorerutsa kutaurirana pakati pezviuru zvema processor nodes. Maconnection aya akagadzirirwa kuderedza latency uye kuwedzera throughput, zvichiita kuti ma supercomputer ashande padanho rawo rakanaka. Kushanda pamwe chete kwesimba rekugadzirisa uye kushanda zvakanaka kweinterconnect kunoita kuti pave nekushanda kwakasimba kunoonekwa muma supercomputer anotungamira nhasi.

Pazasi pane kuenzanisa kwemamwe ma supercomputer processors anomhanya kwazvo pasi rose:

Maitiro ekuita uye mabhenji