Iprosesa Yekhompyutha Eshesha Kakhulu: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele

Enkathini yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo, ukufuna ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi iprosesa yekhompyutha eshesha kakhulu akukaze kube yinto ebaluleke kangaka. Ukubaluleka kwamandla okucubungula ezinhlelweni zekhompyutha zanamuhla akunakuphikiswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luyimidlalo yezinga eliphezulu, ucwaningo lwesayensi, noma lunika amandla amamodeli e-AI athuthukile, i-CPU eqinile ibalulekile.

Ukuvela kwesivinini seprosesa kuthonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-chip, inani le-transistor, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye noMthetho kaMoore. Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uzohamba ngendlela yamaprosesa asheshayo kuzo zonke izigaba ezifana nedeskithophu, i-laptop, iseva, kanye namaprosesa e-supercomputer. Ingxenye ngayinye izohlola imininingwane yesivinini se-cpu kanye nomklamo weprosesa, ikunikeze ukuqonda okujulile kwalokho okuqhuba ukusebenza kusizinda ngasinye.

Okuqukethwe

• 1. Amaprosesa edeskithophu ashesha kakhulu
• 2. Ama-processor e-Laptop ashesha kakhulu
• 3. Amaprosesa Eseva Asheshayo
• 4. Amaprosesa e-Supercomputer asheshayo
• 5. Amamethrikhi Okusebenza kanye Nezilinganiso
• 6. I-AMD vs. Intel: Umjaho Wokusebenza
• 7. Ukukhetha iprosesa efanele izidingo zakho

ukhiye wokuthatha

Ukubaluleka kwamandla okucubungula kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zekhompyutha.

Izici eziningana ezifana nokwakhiwa kwama-chip kanye nokubalwa kwama-transistor kuthonya isivinini seprosesa.

Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa amaprosesa asheshayo ama-desktop, ama-laptop, amaseva, nama-supercomputer.

Isigaba ngasinye seprosesa sizohlaziywa ngezilinganiso zaso zokusebenza ezihlukile kanye nezilinganiso.

Ukuqonda lezi zici kungasiza ekwenzeni isinqumo esinolwazi lapho ukhetha iprosesa.

Amaprosesa edeskithophu asheshayo

Uma kukhulunywa ngamaprosesa edeskithophu asheshayo atholakalayo namuhla, womabili i-AMD ne-Intel anezipesheli ezikhangayo ezidlula imingcele yokusebenza. Amaprosesa e-*Intel Xeon* kanye ne-*AMD EPYC* avelele njengabancintisani abaphezulu emakethe, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwabathandi kanye nochwepheshe ngokufanayo.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ekuhloleni laba basebenzi bokucubungula *imvamisa yewashi* labo. Amamodeli e-Xeon akamuva e-Intel anemvamisa yewashi ephezulu, efinyelela isivinini esimangalisayo esibalulekile kokubili kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinentambo eyodwa kanye nezintambo eziningi. Lawa maza ewashi aphezulu avumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngokushesha, okuthuthukisa ukuphendula kwesistimu iyonke.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaprosesa e-EPYC e-AMD aziwa ngokubala kwawo okuphezulu kwe-core, okubalulekile ekusingatheni imithwalo yemisebenzi eminingi enezintambo eziningi. Ukuba khona kwama-core amaningi kuprosesa *ye-multi-core* kukhulisa kakhulu ikhono layo lokwenza ukucubungula okuhambisanayo, okwenza kube ngcono kakhulu emisebenzini efana nokukhipha ividiyo kanye nokulingisa kwesayensi.

Ama-Laptop Processors Asheshayo

Ama-processor e-laptop athuthukiswa njalo ukuze alinganisele ukusebenza okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle kwamandla okumangalisayo okudingekayo kumadivayisi aphathwayo. Imakethe yanamuhla ibonisa kokubili ukwakheka kwe-x86 kanye nama-processor engalo ancintisana kakhulu ukuze anikeze ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuklama ukushisa kanye nokuphila kwebhethri.

Amanye amaprosesa e-laptop asheshayo atholakalayo njengamanje afaka phakathi i-Intel's Core i9-11980HK kanye ne-Apple's M1 Max. La maprosesa abonisa izici zokusebenza ezivelele, esebenzisa intuthuko kokubili ekwakhiweni kwe-x86 kanye nokwakhiwa kweprosesa yengalo. Amaprosesa aphezulu e-Intel agcina ukubusa kwawo emakethe ngesivinini sewashi esimangalisayo kanye namakhono okwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-M1 Max ye-Apple, eyakhelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-ARM, idunyiswa kakhulu ngokusebenza kwayo kahle kwamandla okumangalisayo kanye nomklamo wokushisa, okwenza ibe ngumncintiswano oqinile enkundleni yamaprosesa e-laptop.

Abakhiqizi babhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekuphatheni ukwakheka kokushisa kwama-laptop processors asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukushabalaliswa kokushisa kumadivayisi anjalo amancane kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle nokuqinisekisa induduzo yomsebenzisi. Amasu afana nezinhlelo zokupholisa ezithuthukisiwe, izindlela eziphumelelayo zokulawula ukushisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokusetshenziswa kokushisa kuyizixazululo ezivame ukusetshenziswa.

Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kungenye into ebalulekile, lapho amaprosesa esimanje egxile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukuze kwandiswe impilo yebhethri. Zombili izakhiwo ze-x86 kanye namaprosesa ezingalo afaka ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe bokuphathwa kwamandla obulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo izilungiselelo zokusebenza ngokusekelwe kumthwalo womsebenzi, okwenza la maprosesa azivumelanise nezimo kakhulu nezidingo zabasebenzisi ezahlukahlukene.

Amaprosesa Eseva Asheshayo

Emkhakheni wama-CPU ebanga leseva, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor ivule indlela yokusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa. Laba abacubungulayo baklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze baphathe idatha eningi kanye nemithwalo emikhulu yokuthengiselana, okubonakala kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinkulu zebhizinisi kanye nezidingo ze-cloud computing.

Ohamba phambili kuma-processor eseva yi-EPYC ye-AMD kanye nochungechunge lwe-Xeon lwe-Intel.

Zombili lezi zinhlelo zibonisa amakhono amakhulu ekuphatheni ukudluliswa kwedatha ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba izinhlangano ziqhubeka nokufuna ukulinganisela ukusebenza nokusimama.

Okuphawulekayo ukuthi i-AMD EPYC 7763 kanye ne-Intel Xeon Platinum 8380 ziyagqama. Laba abacubungula basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor obusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze banikeze amandla aphezulu okusebenzisa amakhompyutha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.

Abaprosesa abanjalo baqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani zingakwazi ukucubungula idatha eningi ngokushesha nangokuthembekile, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle. Lezi ziyisisekelo sezikhungo zedatha zanamuhla, zinikeza izixazululo eziqinile ezingandiswa futhi eziqhubekayo.

Amaprosesa e-Supercomputer asheshayo

Umhlaba we-supercomputing uqhutshwa ama-processor amangalisayo adlula imingcele yokusebenza. Ama-supercomputer aphawulekayo njenge-Fugaku, i-El Capitan, i-Frontier, kanye ne-LUMI anikwe amandla ama-processor asezingeni eliphezulu ahola amashadi okusebenza omhlaba wonke. Lezi zinhlelo zibonisa amakhono angavamile okusebenzisa amakhompyutha, ngokuvamile afinyelela amazinga alinganiswa kuma-petaflops futhi ahlelwe ukungena kusizinda se-exascale.

Isilinganiso se-HPL sidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni isikhundla sekhompyutha enamandla ohlwini lwe-Top500. Lesi silinganiso sihlola ukusebenza kahle kweprosesa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ye-floating-point ngomzuzwana (flops), sigqamisa amandla aluhlaza okusebenzisa amakhompyutha alezi zinhlelo. Ama-Supercomputer afana ne-Fugaku, ehamba phambili ohlwini lwe-Top500, abonisa ikhono lama-processor athuthukile ekuletheni umthamo omkhulu wokubala.

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe isondeza ama-supercomputer eduze komkhawulo we-exascale, lapho angenza khona izibalo ze-quintillion ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kuthuthuka kukhuthazwa yizakhiwo ezintsha kanye namayunithi okucubungula aklanyelwe ukusingatha imithwalo yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokubala. Izinhlelo ezizayo ze-El Capitan kanye ne-Frontier kulindeleke ukuthi zihole lolu shintsho oluya enkathini ye-exascale, zibonise amazinga okusebenza angakaze abonwe.

Okubalulekile kulo msebenzi ophakeme ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana njenge-Cray EX, obusiza ukuxhumana okungenamthungo phakathi kwezinkulungwane zama-node eprosesa. Lawa ma-connect aklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka nokwandisa umthamo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-supercomputer asebenza emazingeni awo okusebenza afanele. Ukubambisana kwamandla okucubungula kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuxhumana kudala ukusebenza okuqinile okubonakala kuma-supercomputer ahamba phambili namuhla.

Ngezansi ukuqhathaniswa kwezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-supercomputer ezisheshayo emhlabeni:

Amamethrikhi Okusebenza kanye Nezilinganiso