Purosesa Yachangu Kwambiri Yapakompyuta: Buku Lotsogolera Lonse

Mu nthawi ya kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo mwachangu, kufunafuna kudziwa kuti ndi purosesa iti yachangu kwambiri ya kompyuta sikunakhalepo kofunika kwambiri kuposa apa. Kufunika kwa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta m'makina amakono a makompyuta sikunganyalanyazidwe. Kaya pulogalamuyi ndi yamasewera apamwamba, kafukufuku wasayansi, kapena yogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapamwamba ya AI, CPU yolimba ndiyofunika kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa liwiro la purosesa kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka chip, kuchuluka kwa transistor, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu, ndi Moore's Law. Buku lotsogolerali lidzayang'ana m'malo mwa ma processor othamanga kwambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana monga desktop, laputopu, seva, ndi ma processor a supercomputer. Gawo lililonse lidzafufuza mwatsatanetsatane za liwiro la cpu ndi kapangidwe ka purosesa, kukupatsani kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa zomwe zimayendetsa magwiridwe antchito m'gawo lililonse.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

• 1. Ma processor a Desktop Othamanga Kwambiri
• 2. Ma processor a Laptop Othamanga Kwambiri
• 3. Ma processor a Seva Othamanga Kwambiri
• 4. Ma processor a Supercomputer Othamanga Kwambiri
• 5. Ziwerengero za Magwiridwe ndi Zizindikiro
• 6. AMD vs. Intel: Mpikisano wa Magwiridwe Abwino
• 7. Kusankha Purosesa Yoyenera Zosowa Zanu

key takeaway

Kufunika kwa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta n'kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamakompyuta.

Zinthu zingapo monga kapangidwe ka chip ndi kuchuluka kwa transistor zimakhudza liwiro la purosesa.

Bukuli likufotokoza za ma processor othamanga kwambiri a desktops, laptops, servers, ndi supercomputers.

Gulu lililonse la purosesa lidzasanthulidwa kuti lipeze miyeso yake yapadera ya magwiridwe antchito ndi zizindikiro zake.

Kumvetsetsa mfundo izi kungathandize kupanga chisankho chodziwa bwino posankha purosesa.

Ma processor a Desktop Othamanga Kwambiri

Ponena za mapurosesa a desktop othamanga kwambiri omwe alipo masiku ano, AMD ndi Intel onse ali ndi zinthu zabwino zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. Ma processor a *Intel Xeon* ndi *AMD EPYC* ndi omwe amapikisana kwambiri pamsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale otchuka kwa okonda mapulogalamu komanso akatswiri.

Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri poyesa ma processor awa ndi *ma frequency awo a wotchi*. Mitundu yaposachedwa ya Intel ya Xeon ili ndi ma frequency apamwamba a wotchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti liwiro lodabwitsa likhale lofunika kwambiri pa ntchito za ulusi umodzi komanso zambiri. Ma frequency apamwamba awa a wotchi amathandiza kuti ntchito zichitike mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina onse aziyankha bwino.

Kumbali inayi, ma processor a AMD a EPYC amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa ma core, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pogwira ntchito zambiri zokhala ndi mikwingwirima. Kupezeka kwa ma cores ambiri mu *multi-core processor* kumawonjezera kwambiri luso lake lochita zinthu motsatizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa ntchito monga kujambula makanema ndi kuyerekezera kwasayansi.

Ma processor a Laptop Othamanga Kwambiri

Ma processor a laputopu akupangidwa nthawi zonse kuti agwirizane ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yofunikira pazida zonyamulika. Msika wamakono ukuwonetsa zomangamanga za x86 ndi ma processor a mkono omwe akupikisana mwamphamvu kuti apereke magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri mkati mwa malire a kapangidwe ka kutentha ndi moyo wa batri.

Ena mwa ma processor a laputopu othamanga kwambiri omwe alipo pano ndi Intel's Core i9-11980HK ndi Apple's M1 Max. Ma processor awa ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito kupita patsogolo kwa kapangidwe ka x86 ndi kapangidwe ka purosesa ya mkono. Ma processor apamwamba a Intel amasungabe mphamvu zawo pamsika ndi liwiro lodabwitsa la wotchi komanso kuthekera kochita zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, M1 Max ya Apple, yomangidwa pa kapangidwe ka ARM, imayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zodabwitsa komanso kapangidwe ka kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopikisana kwambiri pamakina opangira ma laputopu.

Opanga amakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu pakuwongolera kapangidwe ka kutentha kwa ma processor a laputopu ogwira ntchito bwino. Kutaya kutentha m'zida zazing'ono zotere ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti magwiridwe antchito akhale abwino komanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azikhala omasuka. Njira monga makina oziziritsira apamwamba, njira zoyendetsera kutentha bwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba zolumikizira kutentha ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ndi chinthu china chofunikira, pomwe mapurosesa amakono akuyang'ana kwambiri pakukonza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti batire ikhale ndi moyo wautali. Ma prosesa onse a x86 ndi a mkono ali ndi ukadaulo wophatikizana wowongolera mphamvu womwe umasintha makonda a magwiridwe antchito kutengera ntchito yomwe ikuchitika, zomwe zimapangitsa ma processor awa kukhala osinthika kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana za ogwiritsa ntchito.

Ma processor a Seva Othamanga Kwambiri

Mu gawo la ma CPU a server-grade, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa semiconductor kwatsegula njira yogwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Ma processor awa adapangidwa mwaluso kwambiri kuti azitha kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa deta komanso kuchuluka kwa zochitika, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamabizinesi akuluakulu komanso zosowa zamakompyuta.

Ma processor a EPYC a AMD ndi Xeon a Intel ndi omwe akutsogolera pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za ma seva.

Magulu onsewa akuwonetsa luso lalikulu pakuwongolera kufalikira kwa deta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa mabungwe akuyesetsa kwambiri kulinganiza magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhazikika.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, AMD EPYC 7763 ndi Intel Xeon Platinum 8380 ndi zodziwika bwino. Ma processor awa amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono wa semiconductor kuti apereke mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri zamakompyuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu.

Ma processor oterewa amatsimikizira kuti makampani amatha kukonza deta yambiri mwachangu komanso modalirika, motero akuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito. Izi ndi maziko a malo osungira deta amakono, omwe amapereka mayankho olimba omwe angathe kukulitsidwa komanso okhazikika.

Ma processor a Supercomputer Othamanga Kwambiri

Dziko la supercomputer limayendetsedwa ndi ma processor odabwitsa omwe amadutsa malire a magwiridwe antchito. Ma supercomputer odziwika bwino monga Fugaku, El Capitan, Frontier, ndi LUMI amayendetsedwa ndi ma processor apamwamba omwe amatsogolera ma chart apadziko lonse lapansi. Machitidwe awa amasonyeza luso lapadera la makompyuta, nthawi zambiri amafika pamlingo woyesedwa mu petaflops ndipo amakonzedwa kuti alowe mu gawo la exascale.

Chiyerekezo cha HPL chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri podziwa malo a kompyuta yayikulu pamndandanda wa Top500. Chiyerekezochi chimawunika momwe purosesa imagwirira ntchito poyendetsa ma floating-point pa sekondi iliyonse (flops), kuwonetsa mphamvu ya makompyuta awa. Makompyuta akuluakulu monga Fugaku, omwe ali pamwamba pa mndandanda wa Top500, akuwonetsa luso la mapurosesa apamwamba popereka mphamvu zambiri zowerengera.

Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kukuyendetsa makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri pafupi ndi malire a exascale, komwe amatha kuchita mawerengedwe a quintillion pa sekondi imodzi. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kumalimbikitsidwa ndi zomangamanga zatsopano ndi mayunitsi opangira omwe adapangidwa kuti agwire ntchito zovuta kwambiri zamakompyuta. Machitidwe a El Capitan ndi Frontier omwe akubwera akuyembekezeka kutsogolera kusinthaku kulowa mu nthawi ya exascale, kuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito osayerekezeka.

Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yapamwambayi ndi ukadaulo wolumikizirana monga Cray EX, womwe umathandizira kulumikizana bwino pakati pa ma processor node zikwizikwi. Ma connection awa adapangidwa kuti achepetse kuchedwa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito, kuonetsetsa kuti ma supercomputer amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Mgwirizano wa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito olumikizirana umapanga magwiridwe antchito olimba omwe amawonedwa m'ma supercomputer otsogola masiku ano.

Pansipa pali kufananiza kwa ma processor ena a supercomputer othamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi:

Mayeso ndi Zizindikiro Zoyesera Magwiridwe Antchito