Iprosesa yeKhompyutha ekhawulezayo: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo

Kwixesha lokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ngokukhawuleza, ukufuna ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi iprosesa yekhompyutha ekhawulezayo akukaze kube yinto ebaluleke kangaka. Ukubaluleka kwamandla okucubungula kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha zanamhlanje akunakugxininiswa kakhulu. Nokuba usetyenziso ludlala imidlalo ephezulu, uphando lwesayensi, okanye ukunika amandla iimodeli ze-AI eziphambili, i-CPU eqinileyo iyimfuneko.

Utshintsho lwesantya seprosesa luphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya uyilo lwe-chip, inani le-transistor, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kunye noMthetho kaMoore. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi siza kuhamba ngendlela yeeprosesa ezikhawulezayo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana neeprosesa zedesktop, ilaptop, iserver, kunye neesupercomputer. Icandelo ngalinye liza kujonga kwiinkcukacha zesantya se-CPU kunye noyilo lweprosesa, likunika ukuqonda okunzulu ngento eqhuba ukusebenza kwidomeyini nganye.

Isiqulatho

• 1. Iiprosesa zeDesktop ezikhawulezayo
• 2. Iiprosesa zeLaptop ezikhawulezayo
• 3. Iiprosesa zeSeva ezikhawulezayo
• 4. Iiprosesa zeSupercomputer ezikhawulezayo
• 5. IiMetriki zoKusebenza kunye neeBenchmarks
• 6. AMD vs. Intel: Ugqatso Lokusebenza
• 7. Ukukhetha iProsesa efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho

isitshixo sokuthatha

Ukubaluleka kwamandla okucubungula kubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zekhompyutha.

Izinto ezininzi ezifana noyilo lweetshiphusi kunye nokubalwa kweetransistor zichaphazela isantya seprosesa.

Esi sikhokelo sigubungela iiprosesa ezikhawulezayo zeedesktops, iilaptops, iiservers, kunye neesupercomputers.

Udidi ngalunye lweprosesa luza kuhlaziywa ngokwemilinganiselo yalo yokusebenza eyahlukileyo kunye neebhentshi.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunokunceda ekwenzeni isigqibo esinolwazi xa ukhetha iprosesa.

Iiprosesa zeDesktop ezikhawulezayo

Xa kufikwa kwiiprosesa zedesktop ezikhawulezayo ezikhoyo namhlanje, zombini i-AMD kunye ne-Intel zinezibonelelo ezinomtsalane ezityhala imida yokusebenza. Iiprosesa ze-*Intel Xeon* kunye ne-*AMD EPYC* zibalaseleyo njengabakhuphisana kakhulu kwimarike, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe lukhetho oludumileyo kubantu abathanda iikhompyutha kunye neengcali ngokufanayo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekuphononongeni ezi processors yi *clock frequency* yazo. Iimodeli zamva nje ze-Intel zeXeon zinee-clock frequency eziphezulu, zifikelela kwisantya esimangalisayo esibalulekileyo kwizicelo ezinemisonto enye kunye ne-multi-threaded. Ezi frequency zewotshi eziphezulu zivumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngokukhawuleza, ziphucula ukuphendula kwenkqubo iyonke.

Kwelinye icala, iiprosesa ze-EPYC ze-AMD ziyaziwa ngokubala kwazo okuphezulu kwe-core, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekusingatheni imithwalo yemisebenzi emininzi enemisonto emininzi. Ukubakho kwee-cores ezininzi kwiprosesa *ye-multi-core* kwandisa kakhulu amandla ayo okwenza ukucubungula ngaxeshanye, nto leyo eyenza ukuba isebenze kakuhle kwimisebenzi efana nokurekhoda ividiyo kunye nokulinganisa ngokwesayensi.

Iiprosesa zeLaptop ezikhawulezayo

Iiprosesa zeelaptop zihlala ziphuhliswa ukuze zilungelelanise ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla okufunekayo kwizixhobo eziphathwayo. Imarike yanamhlanje ibonisa zombini iiprosesa ze-x86 kunye neeprosesa zengalo ezikhuphisana ngamandla ukubonelela ngokusebenza okungcono ngaphakathi kwemida yoyilo lobushushu kunye nobomi bebhetri.

Ezinye zeeprosesa zelaptop ezikhawulezayo ezikhoyo ngoku ziquka i-Intel's Core i9-11980HK kunye ne-Apple's M1 Max. Ezi prosesa zibonisa iimpawu zokusebenza ezibalaseleyo, zisebenzisa uphuhliso kuyilo lwe-x86 kunye noyilo lweprosesa yengalo. Iiprosesa eziphezulu ze-Intel zigcina ulawulo lwazo kwimarike ngesantya esimangalisayo sewotshi kunye nobuchule bokwenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaxeshanye. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-M1 Max ye-Apple, eyakhelwe kuyilo lwe-ARM, idunyiswa kakhulu ngokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kwamandla kunye noyilo lobushushu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngumchasi onamandla kwicandelo leprosesa yelaptop.

Abavelisi bajongene nemingeni emikhulu ekulawuleni uyilo lobushushu kwiiprosesa zelaptop ezisebenza kakuhle. Ukusasazwa kobushushu kwezi zixhobo zincinci kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle nokuqinisekisa intuthuzelo yomsebenzisi. Iindlela ezifana neenkqubo zokupholisa eziphambili, iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulawula ubushushu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zojongano lobushushu ezikumgangatho ophezulu zizisombululo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla yenye into ebalulekileyo, apho iiprosesa zanamhlanje zigxile ekuphuculeni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukuze kwandiswe ubomi bebhetri. Zombini iiprosesa ze-x86 kunye neeprosesa zengalo zineteknoloji zolawulo lwamandla ezidibeneyo ezilungisa ngokuguquguqukayo useto lokusebenza ngokusekelwe kumthwalo womsebenzi, nto leyo eyenza ezi prosesa zilungelelaniswe kakuhle neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi.

Iiprosesa zeSeva ezikhawulezayo

Kwicandelo lee-CPU ze-server-grade, ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji ye-semiconductor kuye kwavula indlela yokusebenza okungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ezi prosesa zenzelwe ngobuchule ukusingatha idatha ebanzi kunye nemithwalo emikhulu yentengiselwano, nto leyo ebonakala iyimfuneko kwizicelo ezinkulu zamashishini kunye neemfuno zekhompyutha yelifu.

Iiprosesa ze-server eziphambili yi-EPYC ye-AMD kunye nochungechunge lwe-Xeon lwe-Intel.

Zombini ezi nkqubo zibonisa ubuchule obukhulu ekulawuleni ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngelixa ziphucula kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko imibutho ifuna ukulinganisela ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza.

Okuphawulekayo kukuba, i-AMD EPYC 7763 kunye ne-Intel Xeon Platinum 8380 zibalaseleyo. Ezi prosesa zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-semiconductor esemgangathweni ophezulu ukunika amandla aphezulu ekhompyutha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.

Ezi prosesa ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani zinokucubungula idatha eninzi ngokukhawuleza nangokuthembekileyo, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle nokusebenza. Ezi ziziseko zedatha zanamhlanje, zibonelela ngezisombululo eziqinileyo ezinokwandiswa nezizinzileyo.

Iiprosesa zeSupercomputer ezikhawulezayo

Ihlabathi le-supercomputing liqhutywa ziiprosesa ezimangalisayo ezityhala imida yokusebenza. Iisupercomputers ezidumileyo ezifana neFugaku, i-El Capitan, i-Frontier, kunye ne-LUMI ziqhutywa ziiprosesa ezisemgangathweni eziphambili ezikhokela iitshathi zokusebenza zehlabathi. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa amandla angaqhelekanga okubala, zihlala zifikelela kumanqanaba alinganiswa kwi-petaflops kwaye zimiselwe ukungena kwi-exascale domain.

I-benchmark ye-HPL idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni indawo ye-supercomputer kuluhlu lwe-Top500. Le benchmark ivavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweprosesa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ye-floating-point ngomzuzwana (ii-flops), igxininisa amandla angaqhelekanga ekhompyutha ale nkqubo. Ii-Supercomputer ezifana neFugaku, ekhokela uluhlu lwe-Top500, zibonisa ubuchule beeprosesa eziphambili ekunikezeni i-output enkulu yekhompyutha.

Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji luqhuba ii-supercomputers kufutshane nomda we-exascale, apho zinokwenza khona izibalo ze-quintillion ngomzuzwana. Olu phuculo lukhuthazwa zii-architectures ezintsha kunye neeyunithi zokucubungula ezenzelwe ukujongana nomsebenzi onzima wokubala. Iinkqubo ezizayo ze-El Capitan kunye ne-Frontier kulindeleke ukuba zikhokele olu tshintsho kwixesha le-exascale, zibonisa amanqanaba okusebenza angazange abonwe ngaphambili.

Okubalulekileyo kule ntsebenzo iphezulu ziiteknoloji zonxibelelwano ezifana neCray EX, ezenza kube lula unxibelelwano olungenamthungo phakathi kwamawaka ee-node zeprosesa. Ezi zixhumanisi zenzelwe ukunciphisa i-latency kunye nokwandisa i-throughput, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-supercomputer zisebenza kumanqanaba azo okusebenza afanelekileyo. Intsebenziswano yamandla okucubungula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle konxibelelwano idala ukusebenza okuqinileyo okubonwa kwii-supercomputer eziphambili zanamhlanje.

Apha ngezantsi kukho uthelekiso lwezinye zeeprosesa ze-supercomputer ezikhawulezayo kwihlabathi liphela:

IiMetriki zoKusebenza kunye neeBenchmarks