CAN Bus na RS485: Kugereranya birambuye kubikorwa byinganda

Mwisi yisi yihuta cyane yimikorere yinganda, guhitamo protocole iboneye ni ngombwa. Yaba iy'itumanaho nyaryo, kwemeza ubunyangamugayo bwamakuru, cyangwa gushyira mubikorwa uburyo bwitumanaho bwimodoka, icyemezo gikunze gushika kuri protocole ebyiri zashizweho neza: CAN Bus na RS485. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati yibi bice bibiri bya protocole bifasha abashushanya naba injeniyeri gufata ibyemezo byuzuye bihuye nibisabwa byikoranabuhanga bigezweho.

CAN Bus (Umuyoboro uhuza ibiyobora) na RS485 (Byasabwe 485) byombi bigira uruhare runini mubijyanye n'itumanaho ryinganda. Mugihe Bus ya CAN izwi cyane kubera gukemura ibibazo bikomeye hamwe nubushobozi bwogukwirakwiza amakuru mugihe, RS485 ikundwa cyane kubera ubworoherane kandi bukoresha neza. Iyi ngingo igamije gusenya ibiranga, ibyiza, nibishobora kugaragara kuri buri protocole, itanga igereranya ryuzuye ryerekeranye nibikorwa byinganda.

Mugihe inganda zikomeje gutera imbere, icyifuzo cya sisitemu yo gutumanaho yizewe kandi ikora neza niyo yambere. Mu gucukumbura umwihariko wa Bus ya CAN na RS485, iki gitabo kirashaka guha imbaraga abanyamwuga ubumenyi bukenewe kugirango batezimbere imiyoboro yabo y'itumanaho, bareba ibikorwa bidafite ishingiro kandi byizewe mu nzego zitandukanye.

Ibyingenzi

1. Guhitamo hagati ya CAN Bus na RS485 ningirakamaro mugutezimbere inganda.
2. BusCAN Bus itanga ikirenga gukemura amakosa nibyiza byo gutumanaho.
3. RS485 itoneshwa nayo ubworoherane, ikiguzi-cyiza, hamwe nubworoherane mubikorwa bitandukanye.
4. Gusobanukirwa ibyiza bitandukanye bya protocole itanga uburyo bwiza bwa sisitemu.
5. Iyi ngingo izatanga igereranya ryuzuye ryo kuyobora injeniyeri mu gufata ibyemezo byuzuye.
6. 
   

Bus ishobora iki?

7. Umuyoboro uhuza imiyoboro, cyangwa CAN Bus, ni bisi yimodoka ikomeye igenewe koroshya itumanaho hagati ya microcontrollers nibikoresho bidasaba mudasobwa yakira. Sisitemu yo guhanga udushya itanga ubutumwa bushingiye ku itumanaho ridasubirwaho, ryemeza amakuru neza mugihe nyacyo. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biranga CAN Bus nubushobozi bwayo bukemurampaka bus, butuma ubutumwa bwashyirwa imbere muburyo bukwiye, butanga amakuru yimodoka neza.
   
   
8. Kugirango imikorere ikorwe neza, CAN Bus protocole ikoresha uburyo bwambere bwo kumenya amakosa nka cheque ya CRC no kugenzura ikadiri, ikurikirana ubuziranenge bwamakuru kandi ikemeza itumanaho ryizewe. Uburyo bwo kugenzura ikadiri yemeza ko ubutumwa bwakiriwe neza, mugihe crc igenzura yongeyeho urwego rwumutekano mugusuzuma neza amakuru yatanzwe. Byongeye kandi, sisitemu ikubiyemo ibintu bito kugirango ikomeze guhuza no gukumira amakosa mugihe cyo kohereza amakuru.
9. 
   
10. Muncamake, igishushanyo mbonera cyurubuga rwumugenzuzi, hibandwa kubutumwa bwibanze no kumenya amakosa neza, bituma ihitamo neza kubisabwa bisaba itumanaho ryizewe kandi ryigihe. Ihuriro rya kamarampaka ya bisi, itumanaho rishingiye ku butumwa, hamwe nuburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura amakosa yerekana Bus ya CAN nka protocole isumba izindi mu nganda n’imodoka.
    
    
    
    

RS485 ni iki?

11. RS485, izwi kandi ku izina rya TIA-485 cyangwa EIA-485, ni igipimo gikomeye ku miyoboro y'itumanaho ikurikirana ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda. Bitandukanijwe no gukoresha ibimenyetso bitandukanye, RS485 itanga ubudahangarwa bwurusaku rwiza, bigatuma biba byiza kubidukikije bifite amashanyarazi menshi. Ubu buryo buzamura cyane ubwizerwe bwitumanaho ryitumanaho intera ndende.
    
    
12. Kimwe mu bintu bigaragara biranga RS485 nubushobozi bwayo butandukanye, bworohereza guhuza ibikoresho byinshi kumurongo umwe. Ikiranga ubunini ni ingirakamaro cyane mubisabwa aho imitwe myinshi ikeneye kuvugana murwego rumwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, RS485 ikorana na sisitemu ya Modbus na Profibus iriho, igaragara hose mu gutangiza inganda.
    
    
13. Kubijyanye nimiterere yitumanaho, RS485 ishyigikira igice cya kabiri cya duplex, cyemerera amakuru koherezwa no kwakirwa ariko ntabwo icyarimwe. Ubu buryo, nubwo busa nkaho bugarukira, burahagije kubikorwa byinshi byinganda aho igihe cyo kohereza no kwakira amakuru gishobora gucungwa neza.
    
    
14. Byongeye kandi, RS485 ni indashyikirwa mu itumanaho rirerire kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya iyangirika ry’ibimenyetso mu burebure bwatera ikibazo izindi protocole. Ikoresha ibimenyetso bitandukanye kugirango irwanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa na electromagnetic, ikomeza ubudakemwa bwamakuru kure cyane.
    
    

    Uhujije ibyo biranga, RS485 ikomeje guhitamo imiyoboro y'itumanaho ikurikirana, cyane cyane mubidukikije bisaba inganda. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhuza ibitonyanga byinshi, ubudahangarwa bw’urusaku binyuze mu bimenyetso bitandukanye, hamwe n’imikorere yabyo mu ntera ndende byemeza ko bihoraho kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa muri sisitemu y’itumanaho rigezweho. 
    
    

Kugereranya Umutwe-ku-mutwe

Kugereranya hagati ya CAN Bus na RS485 birasobanura imikorere yabo mubikorwa byinganda. Gusobanukirwa ibiranga bifasha kumenya protocole ihuye neza nibikorwa bikenewe.

A. Igipimo cyamakuru n'imikorere

Kimwe mubitekerezo byibanze ni igipimo cyamakuru. Mugihe CAN Bus isanzwe ishyigikira igipimo cyamakuru agera kuri 1 Mbps, RS485 irashobora kugera no ku biciro biri hejuru, kugera kuri 10 Mbps. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko igipimo cyinshi cyamakuru gishobora kugira ingaruka kubimenyetso, bityo sisitemu zombi zisaba igenamigambi ryitondewe kugirango itumanaho rikomeye.

B. Urusobe rwa topologiya hamwe nubunini

CAN Bus ikora ikoresheje a byinshi-shobuja, imyubakire myinshi, itanga impanuka nziza yo gutahura no gutumanaho bisanzwe byubahirizwa bitabangamiye ubunini. Ibinyuranye, RS485 ikoresha a busa neza-iminyururu ya bisi topologiya, koroshya kubishyira mubikorwa ariko birashoboka kugabanya ubunini mugihe runaka.

C. Gukemura amakosa no kwizerwa

Gukemura neza amakosa no kwizerwa nibyingenzi mubidukikije. CAN Bus irashobora kuba nziza muri kano gace hamwe uburyo bugezweho bwo kumenya amakosa byemeza ubudakemwa bwibimenyetso hamwe na sisitemu yo kwizerwa. RS485, nubwo ugereranije, birashoboka bisaba andi makosa yo gukemura protocole kugirango ahuze kwihanganira amakosa yatanzwe na CAN Bus.

D. Gukoresha insinga n'ibikorwa remezo

Ubwubatsi bwububiko bugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byoherejwe hamwe nibiciro. CAN Bus isanzwe ikoresha imirongo ibiri-ihindagurika, igabanya amashanyarazi akoreshwa kandi ikongerera ibimenyetso ubudakemwa. Mugereranije, RS485 ikoresha kandi kabili yagoramye, ariko ishyirwa mubikorwa rishobora gutandukana bitewe nibisabwa byitumanaho byihariye bisabwa, biganisha kubikorwa bitandukanye.

Guhitamo Porotokole Yukuri

Mugihe cyo guhitamo protocole ibereye mubikorwa byawe byinganda, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibisabwa byihariye nuburyo buri protocole ishobora kubikemura. Waba ushyira imbere kwihanganira amakosa, itumanaho nyaryo, cyangwa ibimenyetso bikomeye, gufata icyemezo kibimenyesheje bikora neza kandi neza.

A. Scenarios itonesha Bus

CAN Bus ikunze guhitamo muburyo busaba kwihanganira amakosa menshi hamwe nibimenyetso bikomeye. Byubatswe muburyo bwo gutahura amakosa hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo gufunga amakosa bituma byizewe cyane kuri sisitemu zikomeye. Byongeye kandi, bisi yubukemurampaka itanga itumanaho ryigihe-nyacyo, ingenzi kubisabwa mumodoka, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, nibindi bidukikije-byinshi.

B. Ibihe byerekana RS485

Kurundi ruhande, RS485 irabagirana mubidukikije byinganda bisaba itumanaho rirerire hamwe ninkunga kumubare munini wa node. Umwubatsi-umugaragu wububiko bwemerera uburyo bworoshye kandi buhendutse bwo gushiraho imiyoboro. Byongeye kandi, ibimenyetso bya RS485 byerekana neza uburinganire bwamakuru kure cyane, bigatuma biba byiza kubaka sisitemu zo kugenzura no gukoresha inganda.

C. Ibitekerezo bya sisitemu ya Hybrid

Rimwe na rimwe, gushyira mubikorwa sisitemu ya Hybrid ikoresha imbaraga za Bus ya CAN na RS485 birashobora kuba byiza. Muguhuza itumanaho rya CAN Bus nigihe cyo gutumanaho no kwihanganira amakosa hamwe na RS485 shobuja-umugaragu woroheje hamwe nubushobozi bwintera, imiterere ya Hybrid irashobora gutanga igisubizo cyuzuye, gikomeye kubibazo bikenerwa ninganda.

1.Ibidukikije bikomeye: Hitamo CAN Bus kugirango ikoreshe kwihanganira amakosa hamwe nibimenyetso bikomeye kubikorwa byumutekano.

2.Ibisabwa birebire: Hitamo RS485 kugirango itumanaho ryizewe intera ndende muburyo bwa shebuja-imbata.

3.Ihinduka rya Hybrid: Tekereza guhuza protocole zombi kugirango ukoreshe ibyiza byihariye, kuzamura imikorere ya sisitemu muri rusange no kwizerwa.

Inama zifatika

A. Gushiraho ibyuma

Urufatiro rwa sisitemu yo gutumanaho yizewe iri muburyo bwateguwe neza. Iyo usuzumye ibiciro byibyuma, ni ngombwa gushora mubice bikwiye. Ibyingenzi byingenzi birimo guhitamo transceiver hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bwo gukoresha insinga. Sisitemu zombi za CAN Bus na RS485 zisaba abarwanya guhagarika kuri buri mpera ya bisi kugirango bagumane ubuziranenge bwibimenyetso.

Kuri Bus ya CAN, ikoreshwa rya microcontrollers nziza cyane hamwe na CAN igenzura, nka Microchip MCP2515, irashobora koroshya imiterere yawe. Kuri RS485, ibikoresho nka Texas Instruments SN65HVD72 birasabwa gukora neza.

B. Ibisabwa bya software hamwe na protocole

Gushyira mubikorwa neza software bitangirana no gusobanukirwa neza na protocole stack. Kubikorwa bya CAN Bus, gukurikiza ISO 11898 bisanzwe byerekana guhuza no kwizerwa. Muri ubwo buryo, RS485 akenshi ishingiye kuri protocole ya Modbus RTU kubikorwa byinganda.

Mugihe cyo gushyira mubikorwa software, gukoresha ibikoresho byiterambere nka CANalyzer ya CAN Bus cyangwa ModScan kuri RS485 birashobora koroshya cyane inzira. Ibi bikoresho bifasha mukwigana no kugenzura itumanaho hagati yumutwe mbere yo koherezwa mubidukikije.

C. Gukemura ibibazo no gusuzuma

Gukemura ibibazo mugihe cyo gushiraho birashobora kubanziriza ibibazo byinshi bisanzwe. Kuri sisitemu ya bisi ya bisi, ibikoresho nka PCAN-USB Analyser birashobora gufasha mugukurikirana no gusuzuma urujya n'uruza. Imiyoboro ya RS485 nayo yungukirwa nibikoresho nka USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT kugirango igenzure uko ibimenyetso byifashe.

Kugenzura buri gihe kubihuza bidahwitse, guhagarara bidakwiye, hamwe no gushyira neza abarwanya kurangiza nabyo ni ngombwa mugukomeza urusobe rwumutekano. Byongeye kandi, kwandika buri cyiciro cyo gushiraho no kugira uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo birashobora kubika igihe n'umutungo.

Mu ncamake, kwemeza neza guhitamo transceiver, gukora neza software, no gukoresha uburyo buhoraho bwo gukemura ibibazo nibyingenzi muburyo bwiza bwo kohereza imiyoboro.

Ibigenda byiyongera hamwe nigihe kizaza

Iyo turebye imbere, ihindagurika rya protocole y'itumanaho rishobora gukomeza ku buryo bwihuse. Porotokole nshya hamwe no kuzamura ibyariho biteganijwe ko bizagaragara, bikarushaho gusunika imbibi zerekana ibimenyetso bikomeye kandi byizewe bya sisitemu. Kwinjizamo uburyo bugezweho bwo gukemura ibibazo no kunoza imiyoborere y'urusobekerane bizaba ingenzi mu kuzuza ibisabwa bikenewe mu nganda.

Inzira izaza itumanaho ryamakuru yinganda yiteguye kwakira uburyo bwimvange, aho protocole gakondo nka CAN Bus na RS485 zishobora kubana nikoranabuhanga rishya. Uku guhuriza hamwe bizemeza ko inganda zishobora gukoresha imbaraga za protocole nyinshi kugirango igere ku mikorere myiza. Gukurikiranira hafi ibizaba mu gihe kizaza no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere bizaba ingenzi ku bafatanyabikorwa bagamije gukomeza imbere mu bihe bigenda bihinduka mu itumanaho ry’inganda.

Kubucuruzi bushakisha ibyuma byizewe byizewe, gufatanya nuwizeweuruganda rukora mudasobwani ngombwa. Niba ukeneye aninganda PC hamwe na NVIDIA GPUkuri comptabilite ikora cyane cyangwa amudasobwa igendanwa hamwe na GPUkubidukikije bisaba, ibisubizo byiterambere birahari.

Byongeye kandi, inganda zisaba ibikoresho bigendanwa biramba zirashobora gushakisha itangwa ryambereuruganda rukora ibinini. Kugenzura icyumba hamwe na HMI porogaramu, anuruganda rwinganda PC Windows 10itanga interineti ikomeye kandi ikoresha inshuti.

Ibigo byamakuru hamwe na sisitemu yo gutangiza inganda birashobora kungukirwa nigipimo kininiinganda za mudasobwayagenewe kwizerwa cyane. Hagati aho, ibikorwa byo mumirima hamwe nitsinda ryibikoresho birashobora gushingira kubikoresho biramba kuva hejuruabakora mudasobwa zigendanwakwemeza umusaruro mubihe bibi.

Muguhuza porotokoro yo gutumanaho igezweho hamwe n’ibisubizo bihanitse byo kubara mu nganda, ubucuruzi bushobora kwerekana ejo hazaza ibikorwa byabwo kandi bugakomeza guhatanira guhangana.